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Related Concept Videos

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
One-Compartment Open Model: Wagner-Nelson and Loo Riegelman Method for ka Estimation01:24

One-Compartment Open Model: Wagner-Nelson and Loo Riegelman Method for ka Estimation

This lesson introduces two critical methods in pharmacokinetics, the Wagner-Nelson and Loo-Riegelman methods, used for estimating the absorption rate constant (ka) for drugs administered via non-intravenous routes. The Wagner-Nelson method relates ka to the plasma concentration derived from the slope of a semilog percent unabsorbed time plot. However, it is limited to drugs with one-compartment kinetics and can be impacted by factors like gastrointestinal motility or enzymatic degradation.
On...
One-Compartment Open Model for Extravascular Administration: First-Order Absorption Model01:15

One-Compartment Open Model for Extravascular Administration: First-Order Absorption Model

The first-order absorption model for extravascular administration describes the rate at which a drug is absorbed and eliminated, following the principles of first-order kinetics. This model is vital as it provides a mathematical representation of drug behavior within the body. It also allows for the prediction and interpretation of drug absorption and elimination based on the rate of change in drug concentration over time. This model can be visualized as a plasma concentration-time profile...
Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In vitro01:16

Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In vitro

In vitro experiments are crucial for understanding the transport and absorption of drugs through biological materials. These studies employ varied methods such as the diffusion cell method, the everted sac technique, and the everted ring technique.
The diffusion cell method uses a two-compartment cell, including a donor compartment with the drug solution, which simulates the environment where the drug is applied, and a receptor compartment with a buffer solution, which simulates the environment...
Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In situ01:09

Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In situ

In situ experiments, such as the Doluisio method and Single-Pass Perfusion technique, provide critical insights into drug uptake by simulating in vivo conditions for drug absorption.
The Doluisio method involves perfusing a prepared segment of a rat's small intestine with a solution of radiolabeled drug and a non-absorbable marker. This helps to differentiate between absorbed and non-absorbed drug concentrations. The intestinal segment is connected at both ends using tubing and syringes,...
Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution01:27

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution

The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles
11:54

Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles

Published on: June 25, 2018

A simulation of oral absorption using classical nucleation theory.

Kiyohiko Sugano1

  • 1Global Research & Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Research Formulation, Pfizer Inc., CT13 9NJ, Sandwich, Kent, UK. Kiyohiko.Sugano@pfizer.com

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|June 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Classical nucleation theory (CNT) effectively simulates oral absorption, accurately predicting drug precipitation in simulated intestinal fluid. This approach enhances understanding of low solubility basic compounds

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles
11:54

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Published on: June 25, 2018

Realistic Membrane Modeling Using Complex Lipid Mixtures in Simulation Studies
07:31

Realistic Membrane Modeling Using Complex Lipid Mixtures in Simulation Studies

Published on: September 1, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Oral absorption simulation is crucial for predicting drug behavior in vivo.
  • Low solubility basic compounds often precipitate in the gastrointestinal tract, affecting bioavailability.
  • Classical nucleation theory (CNT) provides a framework for understanding precipitation processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the applicability of classical nucleation theory (CNT) for simulating oral absorption.
  • To model the precipitation of low solubility basic compounds in simulated intestinal fluid.
  • To validate the CNT model using existing experimental data.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized classical nucleation theory (CNT) to simulate drug precipitation.
  • Employed fasted state simulated intestinal fluid for in vitro experiments.
  • Validated the model against infusion-precipitation data from Kostewicz et al. (2004).
  • Determined drug surface tension and pre-exponential factor by fitting to experimental data.

Main Results:

  • CNT adequately simulated precipitation characteristics observed in experimental data.
  • The model accurately predicted the increase in precipitation rate with infusion rate.
  • CNT showed less sensitivity of maximum concentration to changes in infusion rate, aligning with experimental findings.

Conclusions:

  • Classical nucleation theory (CNT) is applicable for simulating oral absorption of low solubility basic compounds.
  • The study validates CNT's ability to predict precipitation behavior in the fasted state simulated intestinal fluid.
  • CNT offers a valuable tool for understanding and predicting drug precipitation during oral absorption.