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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

A Protocol for Real-time 3D Single Particle Tracking
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Photon counting passive 3D image sensing for automatic target recognition.

Seokwon Yeom, Bahram Javidi, Edward Watson

    Optics Express
    |June 9, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
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    This study introduces photon counting 3D passive sensing and object recognition using integral imaging. The system shows potential for 3D automatic target recognition (ATR) even with few photons.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Computer Vision
    • Signal Processing

    Background:

    • Integral imaging is a passive 3D sensing technique.
    • Automatic target recognition (ATR) is crucial for many applications.
    • Low-photon environments pose challenges for traditional 3D sensing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and investigate photon counting 3D passive sensing and object recognition using integral imaging.
    • To evaluate the system's performance for 3D automatic target recognition (ATR).
    • To quantify the discrimination capability of the proposed system.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing integral imaging for 3D passive sensing.
    • Implementing photon counting for enhanced sensitivity.
    • Applying linear and nonlinear matched filters for object recognition.

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    Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

    A Protocol for Real-time 3D Single Particle Tracking
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    3D Orbital Tracking in a Modified Two-photon Microscope: An Application to the Tracking of Intracellular Vesicles
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  • Quantifying performance using discrimination ratio, Fisher ratio, and ROC curves.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated significant potential for 3D sensing and recognition with a low photon count.
    • Successfully applied the system to 3D automatic target recognition (ATR).
    • Quantified discrimination capabilities, showing system effectiveness.

    Conclusions:

    • Photon counting 3D passive sensing with integral imaging is feasible and effective.
    • The proposed system offers a promising solution for low-light 3D ATR.
    • This work represents the first report on photon counting 3D passive sensing and ATR using integral imaging.