Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control01:24

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control

Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
The design of phase-lead control involves the strategic placement of poles and zeros to balance steady-state error and system...
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control01:21

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control

Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
Phase-lag controllers do not place a pole at zero, but instead influence the steady-state error by amplifying any finite,...
Lagrange Multipliers: Two Constraints01:28

Lagrange Multipliers: Two Constraints

The method of Lagrange multipliers with two constraints is used to optimize a function subject to two independent constraints. In many applications, the objective function represents a quantity to be maximized or minimized, such as cost, area, distance, or energy. The two constraints represent requirements that the solution must satisfy, such as fixed volume, limited resources, or prescribed dimensions.For a function of three variables, each constraint forms a surface in three-dimensional space.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Fixation Strategies in Hoffa Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Surgical Outcomes.

Indian journal of orthopaedics·2026
Same author

Laparoscopic vs. robot-assisted pyeloplasty: a single-centre outcome analysis with 11 years median follow-up.

World journal of urology·2026
Same author

A Prospective Study of Steerable Ureteroscopic Renal Evacuation Using the Second-Generation CVAC® Aspiration System: Results from the CLEARANCE Study.

Journal of endourology·2026
Same author

Understanding meningococcal X unconjugated saccharide behaviour in monovalent and pentavalent (A, C, Y, W and X) conjugate formulations for quality analysis of meningococcal conjugate vaccine.

Carbohydrate research·2025
Same author

Surgical Complications in ABO-incompatible Kidney Transplantation: A Single-Center Experience.

Transplantation proceedings·2025
Same author

ISOT position statement on the feasibility of an organ for transplantation from brain-dead deceased donors: a Delphi consensus.

The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator
08:39

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

Published on: January 28, 2019

Constraints in dual phase shifting interferometry.

Abhijit Patil, Rajesh Langoju, Pramod Rastogi

    Optics Express
    |June 9, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study explores phase retrieval in holographic moiré interferometry. It finds signal processing methods most efficient but highlights challenges in selecting optimal phase steps, especially with noise, using Cramér-Rao bounds.

    More Related Videos

    Time Multiplexing Super Resolving Technique for Imaging from a Moving Platform
    06:25

    Time Multiplexing Super Resolving Technique for Imaging from a Moving Platform

    Published on: February 12, 2014

    The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry
    12:14

    The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

    Published on: August 12, 2013

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

    Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator
    08:39

    Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

    Published on: January 28, 2019

    Time Multiplexing Super Resolving Technique for Imaging from a Moving Platform
    06:25

    Time Multiplexing Super Resolving Technique for Imaging from a Moving Platform

    Published on: February 12, 2014

    The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry
    12:14

    The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

    Published on: August 12, 2013

    Area of Science:

    • Optical Metrology
    • Signal Processing
    • Holography

    Background:

    • Dual phase shifting interferometry is crucial for precise phase retrieval in applications like holographic moiré.
    • Traditional phase shifting, least-squares, and signal processing methods have limitations for direct phase information extraction.
    • Understanding constraints and optimizing methods is essential for accurate multi-phase retrieval.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate and compare phase retrieval methods in dual phase shifting interferometry for holographic moiré.
    • To identify challenges and constraints associated with applying these methods.
    • To investigate the optimal selection of phase steps in signal processing for noise robustness.

    Main Methods:

    • Comparison of traditional phase shifting, flexible least-squares, and signal processing techniques.
    • Analysis of constraints inherent in each phase retrieval approach.
    • Theoretical study utilizing Cramér-Rao bounds for phase step selection in noisy environments.

    Main Results:

    • Signal processing emerges as the most efficient method for phase retrieval.
    • Direct application of methods is often not straightforward, necessitating careful consideration of constraints.
    • The choice of phase step pairs significantly impacts performance in the presence of noise.

    Conclusions:

    • Optimizing phase step selection is critical for robust phase retrieval using signal processing in dual phase shifting interferometry.
    • The Cramér-Rao bound provides a theoretical framework for selecting optimal phase steps under noisy conditions.
    • Further research into practical implementation of optimized signal processing is warranted for holographic moiré applications.