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Application of Laser Micro-irradiation for Examination of Single and Double Strand Break Repair in Mammalian Cells
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Application of Laser Micro-irradiation for Examination of Single and Double Strand Break Repair in Mammalian Cells

Published on: September 5, 2017

The effect of microwave irradiation on DNA hybridization

Wesleigh F Edwards1, Douglas D Young, Alexander Deiters

  • 1Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.

Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
|June 9, 2009
PubMed

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
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Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
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Agarose gel electrophoresis is very useful in separating DNA fragments by size. Running a DNA ladder containing fragments of the known length alongside the sample helps determine the approximate length of the sample DNA fragments. However, additional steps are needed to verify the sequence identity of the sample DNA fragments.
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