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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

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Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health concern, primarily targeting the lungs and spreading through airborne transmission. Infection begins when aerosolized droplet nuclei, expelled by an individual with active TB, are inhaled by another person. These microscopic particles carry Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. Upon reaching the alveoli, the bacilli are engulfed by alveolar macrophages. However, due to their specialized lipid-rich cell wall, these pathogens...
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Chronic Pharyngitis

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Etiology
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Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
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Cryptococcal Meningitis

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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
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Chronic granulomatous disease.

Steven M Holland1

  • 1Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892-1684, USA. smh@nih.gov

Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
|June 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a genetic neutrophil disorder causing recurrent infections and inflammation. Advances in management and curative approaches like bone marrow transplantation and gene therapy have significantly improved patient outcomes and life expectancy.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by defective phagocyte function.
  • It leads to recurrent, life-threatening infections and significant inflammatory complications, including inflammatory bowel disease.
  • CGD serves as a model for understanding neutrophil function and genetic immune disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the understanding and management of Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD).
  • To discuss progress in infectious disease treatment, inflammatory complication management, and curative strategies for CGD.
  • To highlight the role of CGD in the development of bone marrow transplantation and gene therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent developments in CGD research and clinical practice.
  • Synthesis of information on infectious syndromes, inflammatory complications, and therapeutic approaches.
  • Focus on X-linked and autosomal recessive forms of CGD.

Main Results:

  • Major advances in management have significantly improved clinical outcomes and life expectancy for CGD patients.
  • CGD has been instrumental in the development of bone marrow transplantation and gene therapy techniques.
  • Current research focuses on novel treatments for infections and inflammatory conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in managing Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), altering its clinical landscape.
  • CGD continues to be a critical area for research in neutrophil disorders, transplantation, and gene therapy.
  • Ongoing research promises further improvements in curative strategies and quality of life for individuals with CGD.