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Related Concept Videos

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Synthesis of Soft Polysiloxane-urea Elastomers for Intraocular Lens Application
11:49

Synthesis of Soft Polysiloxane-urea Elastomers for Intraocular Lens Application

Published on: March 8, 2019

Ocular preservatives: associated risks and newer options.

Indu Pal Kaur1, Shruti Lal, Cheena Rana

  • 1University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. indupalkaur@yahoo.com

Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology
|June 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Ocular preservatives like benzalkonium chloride (BAK) can harm eye tissues, but are vital for preventing contamination in multi-dose eye drops. Newer, safer preservatives are emerging to balance efficacy and reduce toxicity.

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Synthesis of Soft Polysiloxane-urea Elastomers for Intraocular Lens Application
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Published on: March 8, 2019

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Published on: May 31, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pharmaceutics
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Preservatives in ocular medications are essential for preventing microbial contamination in multi-dose containers.
  • Traditional preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride (BAK), have been linked to ocular surface toxicity and epithelial damage.
  • The need for effective yet less toxic preservative options is a significant challenge in ophthalmic formulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review conventional and novel preservative molecules used in ophthalmic preparations.
  • To discuss the reasons for discontinuing older preservatives and the demand for safer alternatives.
  • To highlight emerging and patented preservative technologies for ocular use.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications and patents related to ocular preservatives.
  • Analysis of the efficacy and safety profiles of various preservative agents.
  • Discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of different preservative classes.

Main Results:

  • Identified common traditional preservatives (e.g., BAK, chlorobutanol) and their associated ocular surface issues.
  • Highlighted newly introduced preservatives with improved safety profiles, including stabilized oxychloro complex (SOC), sofZia, and sodium perborate.
  • Detailed the ongoing development and patenting of innovative preservative molecules for ophthalmic applications.

Conclusions:

  • Balancing the antimicrobial efficacy of preservatives with ocular tissue safety remains a critical consideration in ophthalmic drug development.
  • Emerging preservatives offer promising alternatives to traditional agents, potentially reducing ocular surface toxicity.
  • Continued research and innovation in preservative technology are crucial for advancing the safety and efficacy of multi-dose ophthalmic formulations.