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Domoic acid and human exposure risks: a review.

Kathi A Lefebvre¹, Alison Robertson

¹NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Marine Biotoxins Program, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112, United States. kathi.lefebvre@noaa.gov

Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology

|June 10, 2009

Summary

Domoic acid, a neurotoxin from diatoms, causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans and affects marine wildlife. Increasing blooms necessitate research into long-term, low-level exposure risks.

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Area of Science:

Marine biology
Neuroscience
Toxicology

Background:

Domoic acid is a neurotoxin produced by Pseudo-nitzschia diatoms.
It acts as a glutamate agonist, causing excitotoxicity in the central nervous system.
Human exposure occurs through consuming shellfish contaminated with domoic acid during algal blooms.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the mechanism of action of domoic acid.
To synthesize information on exposure routes, susceptibility, and monitoring programs.
To highlight the need to investigate long-term, low-level exposure impacts on at-risk human populations.

Main Methods:

Literature review of domoic acid toxicity and exposure.
Synthesis of data on shellfish contamination and monitoring effectiveness.
Discussion of current knowledge gaps regarding chronic exposure.

Main Results:

Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) cases in humans have been prevented by monitoring since 1987.
Marine wildlife frequently experiences domoic acid poisoning.
Diatom blooms producing domoic acid are increasing globally.

Conclusions:

Effective monitoring programs are crucial for preventing human ASP cases.
Increasing domoic acid blooms pose a growing threat to marine ecosystems and human health.
Further research is essential to understand the health impacts of chronic, low-level domoic acid exposure.