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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA01:25

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and acquisition...
Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance01:25

Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within the One...
Staphylococcal Skin Infections01:29

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
Development of Antibiotic Resistance01:30

Development of Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
Estimation of k and VD of Aminoglycosides01:20

Estimation of k and VD of Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics used to treat various bacterial infections. Clinicians must determine the elimination rate constant (k) and volume of distribution (VD) to optimize therapeutic efficacy and minimize toxicity. The k value represents the rate at which the drug is removed from the body, and the VD reflects the degree to which the drug distributes into body tissues. Accurately estimating these parameters allows healthcare professionals to tailor drug dosing to individual...
Antibiotic Selection00:57

Antibiotic Selection

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
12:18

Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

Published on: February 9, 2011

VanA-type vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Bruno Périchon1, Patrice Courvalin

  • 1Institut Pasteur, Unité des Agents Antibactériens, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
|June 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) strains emerged in Michigan. A combination of vancomycin and beta-lactam antibiotics shows synergistic effects against these resistant strains.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
12:18

Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

Published on: February 9, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Antimicrobial Resistance

Background:

  • Nine vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) strains, resistant to methicillin (MRSA) as well, have been reported in the US since 2002.
  • Seven of these VRSA isolates originated from Michigan, suggesting regional emergence.
  • These strains acquired vancomycin resistance via a Tn1546 element from resistant Enterococcus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the emergence and characteristics of VRSA strains in Michigan.
  • To understand the mechanisms of vancomycin resistance in these strains.
  • To evaluate potential therapeutic strategies against VRSA.

Main Methods:

  • Plasmid analysis and conjugation experiments to track resistance gene transfer.
  • In vitro and in vivo (animal model) testing of antibiotic combinations.
  • Genetic analysis of VRSA strains, including mutations in cell wall synthesis pathways.
  • Competition growth experiments to assess strain fitness.

Main Results:

  • The Tn1546 element, conferring vancomycin resistance, was transferred via plasmids and integrated into the MRSA genome.
  • A combination of vancomycin and beta-lactam antibiotics demonstrated significant synergistic activity against VRSA.
  • This synergy is attributed to the inability of PBP2' to process D-alanine-D-lactate precursors synthesized under glycopeptide pressure.
  • One VRSA strain exhibited vancomycin dependence due to a mutation affecting cell wall synthesis.
  • VRSA transconjugants showed a growth disadvantage compared to the MRSA recipient, limiting dissemination.

Conclusions:

  • The emergence of VRSA in Michigan is linked to specific molecular and environmental factors.
  • Combined therapy with glycopeptides and beta-lactams offers a promising strategy against VRSA infections.
  • Understanding resistance mechanisms and strain fitness is crucial for controlling VRSA spread.