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Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control01:21

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control

Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
Phase-lag controllers do not place a pole at zero, but instead influence the steady-state error by amplifying any finite,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy
08:48

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy

Published on: November 22, 2019

A novel way for wavelength locking with acousto-optic frequency modulation.

Zhang Zhang1, Xiaolong Wang, Qiang Lin

  • 1Department of Physics, Institute of Optics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

Optics Express
|June 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A new acousto-optic frequency modulation (AOFM) technique offers a simple, economical method for locking tunable laser frequencies. This approach reduces noise and enhances stability compared to conventional methods.

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Laser physics
  • Optical engineering

Background:

  • Conventional tunable laser locking schemes can introduce unwanted frequency and intensity noise.
  • Direct dithering on laser resonators presents limitations in noise reduction and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and experimentally validate a novel wavelength locking scheme using acousto-optic frequency modulation (AOFM).
  • To provide a simpler, more economical alternative to existing laser locking techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Laser frequency modulation via an acousto-optic modulator driven by a Direct Digital Synthesis generator.
  • Implementation of a novel optical configuration to counteract angular deflection from the acousto-optic modulator.
  • Achieving frequency stability and precision on the order of Hz.

Main Results:

  • Successful experimental demonstration of the acousto-optic frequency modulation (AOFM) locking scheme.
  • The AOFM scheme effectively avoids the extra noise associated with direct frequency dithering.
  • The proposed method offers improved noise and stability for tunable lasers.

Conclusions:

  • Acousto-optic frequency modulation (AOFM) presents a viable and advantageous method for tunable laser frequency locking.
  • This technique offers a practical solution for enhancing laser performance in terms of noise and stability.