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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...

Gallbladder

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The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ that plays a crucial role in our digestive system. Measuring about 10 cm in length, it is comparable in size to a kiwi fruit and is located in a hollow area on the lower surface of the liver. The gallbladder's primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a fluid produced by the liver that aids in digestion.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Standardization of Basket Use in Sialendoscopy: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study

Standardization of Basket Use in Sialendoscopy: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study

Published on: June 6, 2025

Sialoliths or phleboliths?

Yu-xiong Su¹, Gui-qing Liao, Lin Wang

¹Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.

The Laryngoscope

|June 10, 2009

Summary

Vascular malformations with phleboliths can obstruct salivary glands, mimicking common sialolithiasis. This rare condition requires inclusion in differential diagnoses for accurate patient management.

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Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Vascular Surgery
Radiology

Background:

Salivary gland obstruction is often attributed to sialolithiasis (salivary stones).
Vascular malformations with phleboliths are an uncommon cause of salivary gland obstruction.
These malformations can present with symptoms similar to sialolithiasis, leading to misdiagnosis.

Observation:

A patient presented with recurrent submandibular swelling and pain, initially misdiagnosed as sialolithiasis based on X-ray findings.
Sialendoscopic surgery revealed an extensive capillary network within the ductal lumen, not sialoliths.
Diagnosis was established as vascular malformation with phleboliths causing submandibular gland obstruction.

Findings:

The patient was successfully treated with sclerotherapy.
A 28-month follow-up showed no recurrence of symptoms.
Literature review identified this case as one of only three reported instances of vascular malformation with phleboliths causing submandibular gland obstruction.

Implications:

Vascular malformation with phleboliths should be considered in the differential diagnosis of salivary gland obstruction.
Accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment and to avoid ineffective interventions for sialolithiasis.
This case highlights the importance of considering rare etiologies in persistent or unusual presentations of salivary gland disease.