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Related Concept Videos

Carbon Skeletons01:12

Carbon Skeletons

Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side chains...
What is the Skeletal System?01:02

What is the Skeletal System?

Overview
Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the adult...
The Extracellular Matrix01:29

The Extracellular Matrix

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In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, the molecules in the ECM maintain the structural integrity of tissue as well as the remarkable specific properties of certain tissues.
Composition of the Extracellular Matrix
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is commonly composed of ground substance, a gel-like fluid, fibrous components, and many structurally and functionally diverse...
The Extracellular Matrix01:42

The Extracellular Matrix

In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, the molecules in the ECM maintain the structural integrity of tissue as well as the remarkable specific properties of certain tissues.Composition of the Extracellular MatrixThe extracellular matrix (ECM) is commonly composed of ground substance, a gel-like fluid, fibrous components, and many structurally and functionally diverse molecules.
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Training Persons with Spinal Cord Injury to Ambulate Using a Powered Exoskeleton
09:46

Training Persons with Spinal Cord Injury to Ambulate Using a Powered Exoskeleton

Published on: June 16, 2016

The exoskeletons are here.

Daniel P Ferris1

  • 1School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. ferrisdp@umich.edu

Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation
|June 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Robotic exoskeletons are advancing rapidly, moving beyond strength enhancement to aid neurological patients, advance physiological research, and even generate power. These innovations promise significant future benefits for humanity.

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Training Persons with Spinal Cord Injury to Ambulate Using a Powered Exoskeleton
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Area of Science:

  • Robotics and biomechatronics
  • Human-computer interaction
  • Rehabilitation engineering

Background:

  • Recent technological advancements in actuators, sensors, materials, batteries, and processors are enabling sophisticated robotic exoskeleton development.
  • Exoskeletons are evolving beyond traditional roles of augmenting strength and endurance.
  • This thematic series focuses on robotic lower limb exoskeletons and orthoses, presenting eight novel contributions.

Discussion:

  • Exoskeletons offer diverse applications, including motor performance improvement for patients with neurological disabilities.
  • They serve as novel experimental tools for physiologists to study human body mechanics.
  • Potential exists for energy harvesting from human locomotion to power portable electronic devices.

Key Insights:

  • The field of robotic exoskeletons is experiencing significant growth and innovation.
  • Applications are expanding into healthcare, scientific research, and energy generation.
  • The development of advanced components is crucial for realizing futuristic exoskeleton capabilities.

Outlook:

  • Robotic exoskeletons are poised to offer substantial benefits to humankind in the near future.
  • Continued research and development will unlock new applications and enhance existing ones.
  • The integration of exoskeletons into daily life and specialized fields is expected to increase.