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Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

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Published on: March 17, 2023

Steroid-responsive recurrent encephalopathy associated with subacute thyroiditis.

Yun Jae Chung1, Kwang-Yeol Park, Jihyun Ahn

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Journal of Clinical Neurology (Seoul, Korea)
|June 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This case study highlights steroid-responsive encephalopathy linked to subacute thyroiditis, a previously unreported condition. Early steroid treatment is recommended for suspected cases of this neurological complication.

Keywords:
14-3-3 proteinsbrain diseasessubacute thyroiditis

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Subacute thyroiditis is an inflammatory thyroid condition.
  • Encephalopathy is a general term for brain dysfunction.
  • The association between subacute thyroiditis and encephalopathy is rarely reported.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a novel case of steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with subacute thyroiditis.
  • To discuss the potential classification of this condition within autoimmune encephalopathies.
  • To emphasize the importance of timely steroid treatment.

Main Methods:

  • A case report of a 49-year-old woman presenting with encephalopathy.
  • Diagnostic workup included brain imaging, thyroid function tests, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis.
  • Treatment involved corticosteroid administration.

Main Results:

  • The patient presented with decreased mentality, dysarthria, and gait disturbance.
  • Thyroid-autoantibody-negative thyrotoxicosis and subacute thyroiditis were diagnosed.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid showed 14-3-3 proteins, and the patient responded well to steroids, with recurrence also managed by steroids.

Conclusions:

  • Steroid-responsive recurrent encephalopathy associated with subacute thyroiditis may represent a subtype of Hashimoto's encephalopathy.
  • Prompt steroid treatment is advised for patients with suspected subacute thyroiditis-related encephalopathy.