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Related Concept Videos

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Full Endoscopic Interlaminar Approach for Paracentral L5-S1 Disc Herniation
02:14

Full Endoscopic Interlaminar Approach for Paracentral L5-S1 Disc Herniation

Published on: April 14, 2023

Cervical disc herniation producing acute brown-sequard syndrome.

Jong-Tae Kim1, Ho-Jin Bong, Dong-Sup Chung

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Our Lady of Mercy Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.

Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
|June 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A large C3-C4 disc herniation caused Brown-Sequard syndrome in a young male. Surgical decompression and fusion led to rapid recovery of neurological deficits.

Keywords:
Anterior cervical fusionBrown-Sequard syndromeCervical disc herniationMicrodiscectomy

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Full Endoscopic Interlaminar Approach for Paracentral L5-S1 Disc Herniation
02:14

Full Endoscopic Interlaminar Approach for Paracentral L5-S1 Disc Herniation

Published on: April 14, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Spinal Cord Medicine

Background:

  • Brown-Sequard syndrome is typically associated with spinal trauma or tumors.
  • Cervical disc herniation is a rare cause of this neurological condition.

Observation:

  • A 28-year-old male presented with symptoms consistent with Brown-Sequard syndrome.
  • Diagnosis revealed a large C3-C4 disc herniation causing spinal cord compression.
  • The patient exhibited left hemiparesis and contralateral sensory deficits.

Findings:

  • Surgical intervention involved microdiscectomy and anterior cervical fusion.
  • The procedure utilized a carbon fiber cage with hydroxyapatite.
  • Post-operative assessment showed rapid improvement in neurological deficits.

Implications:

  • This case highlights cervical disc herniation as a potential, albeit rare, cause of acute Brown-Sequard syndrome.
  • Prompt surgical management can lead to significant recovery.
  • Further research into less common etiologies of spinal cord syndromes is warranted.