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Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is a high-resolution protein separation method first introduced by O' Farrell and Klose in 1975. This method involves protein separation by two dimensions, mass and charge, making it more accurate than one-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
The first dimension separation uses the isoelectric focusing or IEF technique performed on immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips that separate proteins according to their isoelectric points.
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Gel electrophoresis is a method that separates biological macromolecules like nucleic acids or proteins by forcing them to pass through a gel matrix under an electric field.
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Electrophoresis is a powerful analytical separation technique that relies on the differential migration of charged species when subjected to an electric field. The core strength of electrophoresis lies in its ability to separate high-molecular-weight species in complex mixtures. It has found widespread use in biochemistry, molecular biology, and analytical chemistry, allowing the separation of compounds like amino acids, nucleotides, carbohydrates, and proteins with excellent resolution.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome

Published on: April 2, 2018

From 2-D electrophoresis to proteomics.

Joachim Klose¹

¹Institute for Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedzin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. joachim.klose@charite.de

Electrophoresis

|June 12, 2009

Summary

Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) revolutionized protein analysis by enabling the study of complex protein mixtures. This technique paved the way for the development of proteomics, offering a global view of protein expression and function.

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Genomics

Background:

Introduced two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) in 1975 to analyze complex protein mixtures.
Initially criticized for its complexity, the technique aimed to study proteins globally.

Observation:

Developed 2-DE to resolve hundreds of protein spots from mouse tissues.
Addressed questions about protein changes during embryonic development and mutation effects.

Findings:

The 2-DE approach revealed the potential of studying total proteins for answering complex biological questions.
This work laid the foundation for the field of proteomics.

Implications:

The concept of a human proteome project emerged in the 1980s to understand genome function.

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Consensus Brain-derived Protein, Extraction Protocol for the Study of Human and Murine Brain Proteome Using Both 2D-DIGE and Mini 2DE Immunoblotting

Consensus Brain-derived Protein, Extraction Protocol for the Study of Human and Murine Brain Proteome Using Both 2D-DIGE and Mini 2DE Immunoblotting

Published on: April 10, 2014

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome

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Published on: April 2, 2018

Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

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Published on: November 4, 2014

Consensus Brain-derived Protein, Extraction Protocol for the Study of Human and Murine Brain Proteome Using Both 2D-DIGE and Mini 2DE Immunoblotting

Consensus Brain-derived Protein, Extraction Protocol for the Study of Human and Murine Brain Proteome Using Both 2D-DIGE and Mini 2DE Immunoblotting

Published on: April 10, 2014

Challenges and necessity of a human proteome project are discussed in the post-genome era.