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Related Concept Videos

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis01:22

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is a high-resolution protein separation method first introduced by O' Farrell and Klose in 1975. This method involves protein separation by two dimensions, mass and charge, making it more accurate than one-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
The first dimension separation uses the isoelectric focusing or IEF technique performed on immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips that separate proteins according to their isoelectric points.
Biological samples, such as  cells...
DNA Agarose Gel Electrophoresis02:35

DNA Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

Agarose gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique commonly used to separate DNA fragments by size. However, it can also be used to isolate and purify DNA fragments using a gel extraction protocol.
Gel extraction follows five major steps: running gel electrophoresis to separate fragments, isolating the individual bands, extracting DNA from those bands, and removing the dye and salts from the extracted mixture to obtain pure DNA.
In cloning experiments, both the insert and vector DNA...
Electrophoresis: Overview01:20

Electrophoresis: Overview

Electrophoresis is a powerful analytical separation technique that relies on the differential migration of charged species when subjected to an electric field. The core strength of electrophoresis lies in its ability to separate high-molecular-weight species in complex mixtures. It has found widespread use in biochemistry, molecular biology, and analytical chemistry, allowing the separation of compounds like amino acids, nucleotides, carbohydrates, and proteins with excellent resolution.
There...
SDS-PAGE01:27

SDS-PAGE

Gel electrophoresis is a method that separates biological macromolecules like nucleic acids or proteins by forcing them to pass through a gel matrix under an electric field.
A variation of gel electrophoresis, termed  polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), is commonly used for separating proteins according to their molecular size by passing them through a polyacrylamide gel. Because of the varying charges associated with amino acid side chains, PAGE can be used to separate intact proteins...
Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications01:30

Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications

Capillary electrophoretic separations offer various modes, each with unique applications. These modes include capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary array electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, capillary isotachophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary electrochromatography.
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separates ionic components based on their electrophoretic mobility. It has been used to separate proteins, amino acids,...
Southern Blot02:57

Southern Blot

Agarose gel electrophoresis is very useful in separating DNA fragments by size. Running a DNA ladder containing fragments of the known length alongside the sample helps determine the approximate length of the sample DNA fragments. However, additional steps are needed to verify the sequence identity of the sample DNA fragments.
Denatured DNA fragments must be transferred onto a carrier membrane from the gel to make it accessible to a probe - a small ssDNA fragment complementary to the target DNA...

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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis for the Separation of DNA Fragments
07:10

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis for the Separation of DNA Fragments

Published on: April 20, 2012

Difference gel electrophoresis.

Jonathan S Minden1, Susan R Dowd, Helmut E Meyer

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. minden@cmu.edu

Electrophoresis
|June 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) reduces variability in protein analysis by running multiple samples on a single gel. This technique improves the comparison of protein expression between different cell types, such as cancerous and normal cells.

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Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)
10:52

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)

Published on: February 25, 2007

Analysis of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Complexes in Cultured Human Cells using Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Immunoblotting
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Analysis of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Complexes in Cultured Human Cells using Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Immunoblotting

Published on: February 12, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis for the Separation of DNA Fragments
07:10

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis for the Separation of DNA Fragments

Published on: April 20, 2012

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)
10:52

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)

Published on: February 25, 2007

Analysis of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Complexes in Cultured Human Cells using Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Immunoblotting
07:55

Analysis of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Complexes in Cultured Human Cells using Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Immunoblotting

Published on: February 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Proteomics
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) is a powerful technique for separating complex protein mixtures.
  • Inherent gel-to-gel variability in 2-DE hinders accurate comparison of protein expression profiles between different samples.
  • This variability limits the ability to identify subtle biological differences, such as those between cancerous and normal cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and review Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) as a method to overcome 2-DE variability.
  • To highlight improvements and diverse applications of DIGE in scientific research.
  • To illustrate the advancements and future directions in DIGE technology.

Main Methods:

  • DIGE utilizes matched sets of fluorescent dyes to label proteins from different samples.
  • Two or three differentially labeled protein samples are co-electrophoresed on the same 2-DE gel.
  • Fluorescence scanning and image analysis allow for direct comparison of protein spot intensities.

Main Results:

  • DIGE effectively minimizes gel-to-gel variation, enabling more reliable protein quantification.
  • The technique facilitates the identification of differentially expressed proteins between samples with high accuracy.
  • Over 12 years, DIGE has become a widely adopted method, evidenced by over 660 citations of its foundational paper.

Conclusions:

  • DIGE significantly enhances the reliability and accuracy of comparative proteomics.
  • The method provides a robust platform for investigating biological differences, including disease states.
  • Ongoing improvements and applications continue to expand the utility of DIGE in biological research.