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Effects of feedback

Effects of feedback

Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...

Feedback control systems

Feedback control systems

Feedback control systems are categorized in various ways based on their design, analysis, and signal types.
Linear feedback systems are theoretical models that simplify analysis and design. These systems operate under the principle that their output is directly proportional to their input within certain ranges. For instance, an amplifier in a control system behaves linearly as long as the input signal remains within a specific range. However, most physical systems exhibit inherent nonlinearity...

Open and closed-loop control systems

Open and closed-loop control systems

Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
An open-loop control system operates without feedback from the output. It consists of two primary elements: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal and...

Control System Problem

Control System Problem

In an open-loop system, such as a basic thermostat, the poles of the transfer function influence the system's response but do not determine its stability. However, when feedback is introduced to form a closed-loop system, such as an advanced thermostat that adjusts heating based on room temperature, stability is governed by the new poles of the closed-loop transfer function.
When forming a closed-loop system, issues can arise if the poles cross into the unstable region, leading to potential...

Control Systems: Applications

Control Systems: Applications

Electrical engineering plays a pivotal role in our daily lives, with control systems at the heart of many applications, from home appliances to sophisticated space shuttles. Control systems manage and regulate the behavior of devices and processes, ensuring they function safely, correctly, and efficiently.
In modern vehicles, control systems manage various functions to enhance performance and safety. The steering wheel and accelerator are primary inputs in a car's control system. The direction...

Thermodynamic Systems

Thermodynamic Systems

A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of tea boiling in a kettle. The tea and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer

Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer

Published on: April 19, 2021

Thermodynamics of feedback controlled systems.

F J Cao¹, M Feito

¹Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain. francao@fis.ucm.es

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|June 13, 2009

Summary

We calculated the entropy reduction from feedback control, a key step for understanding the thermodynamics of systems like Maxwell

Area of Science:

Thermodynamics
Information Theory
Control Systems

Background:

Feedback controlled systems are crucial in various scientific domains.
Understanding the thermodynamics of these systems, particularly Maxwell's demons, requires quantifying entropy reduction.
Previous work lacked a comprehensive analysis of entropy reduction due to controller operation.

Purpose of the Study:

To compute the entropy reduction in feedback controlled systems resulting from controller operation.
To establish a thermodynamic framework for feedback controlled systems.
To derive the maximum work extractable from isothermal feedback controlled systems.

Main Methods:

Theoretical computation of entropy reduction in feedback controlled systems.

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Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer

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Derivation of general results for thermodynamic analysis.

Case study of an isothermal information-fueled particle pumping system.

Main Results:

Quantified the entropy reduction due to repeated controller operation.
Established a missing thermodynamic link for feedback controlled systems.
Derived the maximum work extractable from isothermal feedback controlled systems.

Conclusions:

The computed entropy reduction provides a foundational element for feedback control thermodynamics.
The findings offer insights into the operation and limitations of Maxwell's demons.
The study demonstrates practical applications in information-fueled engines and particle pumps.