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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...
Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Procedure for the Transfer of Polymer Films Onto Porous Substrates with Minimized Defects
05:02

Procedure for the Transfer of Polymer Films Onto Porous Substrates with Minimized Defects

Published on: June 22, 2019

Directed polymer in random media with a defect.

Jae Hwan Lee1, Jin Min Kim

  • 1Department of Physics, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|June 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A central defect in a polymer chain affects its end-to-end distance. Above a critical defect strength, the distance saturates, revealing a phase transition related to queuing phenomena.

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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
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Published on: September 26, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Polymer Physics
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Investigating directed polymers in disordered systems is crucial for understanding complex material properties.
  • The behavior of polymer chains, particularly their end-to-end distance, is a fundamental characteristic.
  • Previous studies often focus on polymers without central defects or with different types of disorder.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the impact of a central attractive defect on a directed polymer in a one-dimensional random medium.
  • To determine the scaling behavior of the polymer's end-to-end distance in the presence of the defect.
  • To identify the critical conditions and characteristics of the phase transition observed.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of a directed polymer model.
  • Mathematical derivation of the end-to-end distance scaling.
  • Comparison of behavior with and without the central defect.

Main Results:

  • Without a defect, the end-to-end distance scales as t^(1/z) with z=3/2.
  • A critical defect strength (gamma_c) induces a transition where the end-to-end distance saturates (Delta_x_sat) for large polymer lengths (t).
  • The saturated distance scales as Delta_x_sat ~ (gamma - gamma_c)^(-delta) with delta ~ 3.0.

Conclusions:

  • The presence of a central attractive defect leads to a distinct phase transition in the polymer's behavior.
  • This transition is analogous to queuing phenomena observed in the asymmetric simple exclusion process.
  • The study provides insights into polymer dynamics and phase transitions in disordered environments.