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Related Concept Videos

BIBO stability of continuous and discrete -time systems01:24

BIBO stability of continuous and discrete -time systems

System stability is a fundamental concept in signal processing, often assessed using convolution. For a system to be considered bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO) stable, any bounded input signal must produce a bounded output signal. A bounded input signal is one where the modulus does not exceed a certain constant at any point in time.
To determine the BIBO stability, the convolution integral is utilized when a bounded continuous-time input is applied to a Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system.
The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem01:20

The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Consider a linear AC Thevenin equivalent circuit connected to a load impedance.
The load connected draws the current, and the circuit delivers the power to the load. The alternating current flowing through the load is determined using the rectangular form of voltages, currents, network impedance, and load impedance. The average power delivered to the load is obtained from the product of the square of current and load resistance.
Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error00:59

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...
Continuous Charge Distributions01:17

Continuous Charge Distributions

Imagine a bucket of water. It contains many molecules, of the order of 1026 molecules. Thus, although it contains discrete elements (molecules) at the microscopic level, macroscopically, it can be considered continuous. Small volume elements of water, infinitesimal compared to the bulk of the bucket's volume, still contain many molecules. Under this framework, quantized matter is approximated as continuous for practical purposes.
The electric charge can also be subjected to an analogical...
Transmission-Line Differential Equations01:26

Transmission-Line Differential Equations

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Line Section Model
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Extended Versions of Green’s Theorem

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
07:45

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Published on: February 6, 2014

Unconditional security proof of long-distance continuous-variable quantum key distribution with discrete modulation.

Anthony Leverrier1, Philippe Grangier

  • 1Institut Telecom/Telecom ParisTech, CNRS LTCI, 46, rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France.

Physical Review Letters
|June 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a secure continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocol. It enables long-distance secret key distribution using discrete modulation and efficient reverse reconciliation, even with low signal-to-noise ratios.

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
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Published on: February 6, 2014

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Cryptography
  • Quantum Optics

Background:

  • Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is crucial for secure communication.
  • Existing CV-QKD protocols face challenges in long-distance transmission and low signal-to-noise environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel CV-QKD protocol that enhances security and extends transmission distance.
  • To improve the efficiency of reconciliation schemes in low signal-to-noise ratio conditions.

Main Methods:

  • The protocol combines discrete modulation with a reverse reconciliation technique.
  • Unconditional security is mathematically proven.
  • The reverse reconciliation scheme is optimized for low signal-to-noise ratios.

Main Results:

  • The proposed CV-QKD protocol achieves unconditional security.
  • It enables the distribution of secret keys over extended distances.
  • The reverse reconciliation demonstrates high efficiency even at very low signal-to-noise ratios.

Conclusions:

  • The developed protocol offers a robust solution for long-distance, secure quantum key distribution.
  • The efficient reverse reconciliation is key to overcoming practical limitations in noisy channels.