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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges01:23

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
Consider a point charge moving with a constant velocity. Like the electric field, the magnetic field at any point is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source point and the field point. However, unlike the electric field, the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the plane containing the line...
Magnetic Fields01:27

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability
06:42

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability

Published on: March 3, 2017

Sheared plasma rotation in partially stochastic magnetic fields.

A Wingen1, K H Spatschek

  • 1Institut für Theoretische Physik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|June 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Resonant magnetic perturbations create sheared plasma flows by altering particle drift. This study reveals how differing electron and ion behaviors in stochastic magnetic fields generate radial electric fields in tokamaks.

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Methods for Measuring the Orientation and Rotation Rate of 3D-printed Particles in Turbulence
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Methods for Measuring the Orientation and Rotation Rate of 3D-printed Particles in Turbulence

Published on: June 24, 2016

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability
06:42

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability

Published on: March 3, 2017

Methods for Measuring the Orientation and Rotation Rate of 3D-printed Particles in Turbulence
12:34

Methods for Measuring the Orientation and Rotation Rate of 3D-printed Particles in Turbulence

Published on: June 24, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Plasma physics
  • Magnetohydrodynamics
  • Fusion energy research

Background:

  • Magnetized plasmas exhibit complex dynamics influenced by magnetic fields.
  • Understanding particle transport is crucial for magnetic confinement fusion.
  • Sheared flows play a significant role in plasma stability and confinement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the generation of sheared flow velocities in magnetized plasmas.
  • To analyze the influence of stochastic magnetic fields on particle drift.
  • To demonstrate the formation of radial electric fields due to particle behavior differences.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of resonant magnetic perturbations.
  • Application of a fast mapping technique.
  • Consideration of particle drift motion in tokamak geometry (neglecting ion magnetic trapping).

Main Results:

  • Resonant magnetic perturbations were shown to generate sheared flow velocities.
  • Stochastic magnetic fields were found to influence electron and ion drift differently.
  • A radial electric field was demonstrated to be generated by the differential behavior of passing particles.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides insights into sheared flow generation mechanisms in plasmas.
  • Findings contribute to understanding particle transport and electric field formation in tokamaks.
  • The results have implications for plasma control and confinement in fusion devices.