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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...

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Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents
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Hemodynamic nonlinearities affect BOLD fMRI response timing and amplitude.

Jacco A de Zwart1, Peter van Gelderen, J Martijn Jansma

  • 1Advanced MRI Section, LFMI, NINDS, NIH National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1065, USA. Jacco.deZwart@nih.gov

Neuroimage
|June 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) relies on a linear assumption, but this study reveals significant vascular nonlinearities in blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) fMRI responses. These nonlinearities, not of neuronal origin, impact rapid event-related fMRI study interpretations.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) interpretation often assumes a linear link between neuronal activity and the blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal.
  • Previous studies suggested nonlinearities, but their origin (neuronal vs. vascular) and extent in BOLD fMRI remain debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the extent of vascular nonlinearities in BOLD fMRI.
  • To differentiate between neuronal and vascular contributions to observed nonlinearities.

Main Methods:

  • BOLD fMRI (n=28) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) (n=5) were used in humans.
  • A visual stimulation paradigm with brief, rapidly repeated stimuli (600-800 ms, 1 Hz) was employed to minimize neuronal nonlinearities.
  • Stimulus separations as short as 200-400 ms were tested.

Main Results:

  • BOLD fMRI experiments revealed significant nonlinearities, including response broadening (15-20% amplitude decrease, 10-12% latency increase, 6-14% duration increase) at short stimulus separations (200-400 ms) compared to linear predictions.
  • MEG data showed no significant neuro-electric nonlinear interactions between stimuli separated by 200 ms.
  • The observed BOLD fMRI nonlinearities were attributed to vascular rather than neuronal origins.

Conclusions:

  • Substantial vascular nonlinearities are inherent to BOLD fMRI, particularly under rapid event-related stimulation.
  • These findings challenge the linear assumption in fMRI interpretation and have critical implications for analyzing rapid event-related designs.
  • Accurate inferences about neuronal activity from hemodynamic signals require accounting for these vascular nonlinearities.