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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

Published on: December 14, 2014

Barking and mobbing.

Kathryn Lord¹, Mark Feinstein, Raymond Coppinger

¹University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA. klord3@mac.com

Behavioural Processes

|June 13, 2009

Summary

Barking, a common vocalization in many species, is proposed to be linked to mobbing behavior. This study offers a general acoustic description and explores its function in animals, including domestic dogs.

Area of Science:

Ethology
Bioacoustics
Animal Communication

Background:

Barking is a widespread vocalization in mammals and birds, not exclusive to domestic dogs (Canis familiaris).
The acoustic properties and functions of barks are variable and not consistently defined in scientific literature.
Existing theories suggest dog barking may be referential signaling or an adaptation for human communication.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a general 'canonical' acoustic description of barking.
To explore the functional hypothesis that barking is associated with mobbing behavior.
To examine this hypothesis across diverse species, including domestic dogs, wild canids, and birds.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on barking in dogs, wild canids, other mammals, and birds.

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Analysis of acoustic characteristics and behavioral contexts of barking.

Application of Morton's motivational-structural rules theory to barking function.

Main Results:

Barking exhibits significant acoustic variability and occurs in diverse behavioral contexts.
A proposed 'canonical' acoustic description of barking is presented.
Evidence supports the hypothesis linking barking to mobbing behavior and associated motivational states.

Conclusions:

Barking in many species, including domestic dogs, may be functionally linked to mobbing behavior.
This challenges previous notions of barking solely as referential signaling for human interaction.
The study provides a new framework for understanding the evolution and function of barking.