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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation01:26

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra. Symptoms...
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
07:48

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Published on: December 1, 2013

Bladder cancer.

Donald S Kaufman1, William U Shipley, Adam S Feldman

  • 1Department of Medicine, the Claire and John Bertucci Center for Genitourinary Cancers, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. dskaufman@partners.org

Lancet (London, England)
|June 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bladder cancer varies from non-life-threatening superficial tumors to deadly muscle-invasive disease. Treatment ranges from intravesical therapy and surgery to bladder preservation strategies and chemotherapy.

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Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
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Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development

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An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer
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An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

Published on: February 6, 2011

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
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Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
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An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer
09:07

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

Published on: February 6, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease with distinct clinical behaviors.
  • Superficial tumors recur but are less life-threatening, while muscle-invasive disease carries a high mortality risk.
  • Painless hematuria is the primary symptom, diagnosed via cytology and transurethral resection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding and treatment of bladder cancer.
  • To discuss diagnostic methods and therapeutic options for different stages of bladder cancer.
  • To explore emerging treatments including bladder preservation, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and molecular advances.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on bladder cancer diagnosis and treatment.
  • Discussion of standard care for superficial and muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
  • Exploration of bladder preservation techniques and systemic therapies.

Main Results:

  • Intravesical treatments are effective for carcinoma in situ and high-grade non-muscle-invasive tumors.
  • Radical cystoprostatectomy with urinary diversion is standard for muscle-invasive disease.
  • Bladder preservation and various chemotherapeutic agents show promise.

Conclusions:

  • Bladder cancer management requires tailored approaches based on disease stage.
  • Advances in chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and molecular biology are improving treatment options.
  • Quality of life is a critical consideration in urinary diversion and treatment planning.