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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Clinical Imaging of Microwave Mammography
05:28

Clinical Imaging of Microwave Mammography

Published on: November 14, 2025

Mammographic density and epithelial histopathologic markers.

Martijn Verheus1, Gertraud Maskarinec, Eva Erber

  • 1Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA. m.verheus@nki.nl

BMC Cancer
|June 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study found minimal association between mammographic density and hormonal/proliferation markers in benign breast tissue. Challenges in sample retrieval highlight the need for improved methods in breast cancer research.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Radiology
  • Biomarkers

Background:

  • Mammographic density is a known breast cancer risk factor.
  • Hormonal and proliferation markers are implicated in breast cancer development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between mammographic density and key hormonal and proliferation markers in benign breast tissue.
  • To explore potential differences in these associations based on menopausal status and ethnicity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized tissue microarrays from benign breast tissue of 159 breast cancer cases.
  • Immunohistochemical staining for estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2/neu, Ki-67, and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA).
  • Assessed mammographic density using a computer-assisted method on digitized mammograms.

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Clinical Imaging of Microwave Mammography
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Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats
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Main Results:

  • No statistically significant associations were found between mammographic density and the evaluated markers.
  • Suggestive trends indicated higher mammographic density with progesterone receptor (PR) and estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) expression, particularly in Caucasian women.
  • Slight increases in density were observed with Ki-67 and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) staining.

Conclusions:

  • Limited evidence supports a link between mammographic density and steroid receptors or proliferation markers in benign breast tissue.
  • The study encountered significant challenges in obtaining suitable tissue samples, underscoring methodological limitations in epidemiologic research.
  • Further research is warranted to explore estrogen effects on tissue, cell proliferation, and breast density.