Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be met...
Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance01:29

Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance

Typical heart performance is influenced by heart rate, rhythm, myocardial contraction, and metabolism or blood flow. The cardiac muscle exhibits distinct electrophysiological features, including pacemaker activity and calcium channel control, which play a vital role in the heart's response to various drugs. The autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, regulates heart rate. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic activation...
Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac output averages...
Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...
Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Waitlist mortality and recovery among pediatric heart transplant candidates in Germany: A nationwide registry analysis.

JHLT open·2026
Same author

Prediction of hypertension and restenosis under guideline-directed management in aortic coarctation: development and validation of machine-learning models.

EClinicalMedicine·2026
Same author

Elevated filling pressures are associated with poor long-term graft survival after pediatric heart transplantation.

Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation·2026
Same author

Assessing the contribution of rare variants to congenital heart disease through a large-scale case-control exome study.

NPJ genomic medicine·2026
Same author

"Ready for home?" Multidisciplinary and caregiver views on children with Berlin Heart EXCOR active: a qualitative study.

Cardiology in the young·2026
Same author

First Clinical Results of Novel Haemodynamic Simulation Software for Patient-Specific Qp:Qs Quantification in Patients with Atrial Septal Defect Using Routine 2D Echocardiographic Data.

Journal of clinical medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
07:09

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise

Published on: February 20, 2017

Exercise capacity reflects ventricular function in patients having the Fontan circulation.

Katrin Klimes1, Stanislav Ovroutski, Hashim Abdul-Khaliq

  • 1Departments of Congenital Heart Defects/Pediatric Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany. klimes@dhzb.de

Cardiology in the Young
|June 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Early Fontan circulation surgery in patients under 18 improves ventricular function and exercise capacity. Later surgery in older patients leads to poorer cardiac function and reduced exercise performance, highlighting the benefits of timely intervention.

More Related Videos

Biventricular Assessment of Cardiac Function and Pressure-Volume Loops by Closed-Chest Catheterization in Mice
08:21

Biventricular Assessment of Cardiac Function and Pressure-Volume Loops by Closed-Chest Catheterization in Mice

Published on: June 15, 2020

Functional Assessment of the Donor Heart During Ex Situ Perfusion: Insights from Pressure-Volume Loops and Surface Echocardiography
08:21

Functional Assessment of the Donor Heart During Ex Situ Perfusion: Insights from Pressure-Volume Loops and Surface Echocardiography

Published on: October 11, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
07:09

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise

Published on: February 20, 2017

Biventricular Assessment of Cardiac Function and Pressure-Volume Loops by Closed-Chest Catheterization in Mice
08:21

Biventricular Assessment of Cardiac Function and Pressure-Volume Loops by Closed-Chest Catheterization in Mice

Published on: June 15, 2020

Functional Assessment of the Donor Heart During Ex Situ Perfusion: Insights from Pressure-Volume Loops and Surface Echocardiography
08:21

Functional Assessment of the Donor Heart During Ex Situ Perfusion: Insights from Pressure-Volume Loops and Surface Echocardiography

Published on: October 11, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • The Fontan circulation is a surgical procedure for complex congenital heart defects.
  • Long-term outcomes regarding ventricular function and exercise capacity after Fontan completion are not fully understood.
  • The influence of patient age and age at Fontan completion on these outcomes requires investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if maximal exercise capacity correlates with ventricular function in Fontan patients.
  • To assess the impact of patient age and age at Fontan completion on ventricular function and exercise performance.

Main Methods:

  • Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) were conducted on 29 Fontan patients.
  • Patients were stratified into two groups based on age at Fontan completion: <18 years (younger) and >18 years (older).
  • Ventricular function and exercise parameters were compared between groups and with healthy controls.

Main Results:

  • Fontan patients exhibited impaired systolic ventricular function and reduced oxygen consumption compared to controls.
  • Patients completing Fontan circulation before 18 years showed better ventricular function and exercise performance than older patients.
  • Older patients had larger end-diastolic ventricular volumes and significantly poorer ventricular function and exercise capacity than younger patients and controls.

Conclusions:

  • Impaired systolic ventricular function in Fontan patients correlates with reduced exercise capacity and oxygen uptake.
  • Fontan completion before 18 years of age is associated with superior ventricular function and exercise performance.
  • Early Fontan circulation creation may be crucial for preserving cardiac function and exercise capacity in the long term.