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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...

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Related Experiment Video

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In Vivo Visualization of Spontaneous Activity in Neonatal Mouse Sensory Cortex at a Single-Neuron Resolution
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In Vivo Visualization of Spontaneous Activity in Neonatal Mouse Sensory Cortex at a Single-Neuron Resolution

Published on: November 21, 2023

Spontaneous pattern formation and pinning in the primary visual cortex.

Tanya I Baker1, Jack D Cowan

  • 1The University of Chicago, IL 60637, United States. tibaker@salk.edu

Journal of Physiology, Paris
|June 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study proposes a new mechanism for visual hallucinations, using a computational model of cortical neurons. The model explains how geometric patterns in hallucinations may arise from neural activity and feature maps.

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Area of Science:

  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Geometric visual hallucinations are complex phenomena.
  • Previous models explored Turing mechanisms for neural activity patterns.
  • Cortical circuitry involves feature-specific connectivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a mechanism for geometric visual hallucinations.
  • To expand on mean field approaches for cortical neuron activity.
  • To incorporate feature-specific connectivity into neural models.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a mean field approach for cortical neuron population activity.
  • Applied nonlinear dynamics and wave propagation analysis.
  • Modeled competition between local excitation and long-range inhibition.
  • Incorporated weak, long-range connections based on feature preferences.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated how Turing instability patterns can be pinned by feature map geometry.
  • Showcased how orientation preference maps influence activity patterns.
  • Analogized neural dynamics to commensurate-incommensurate transitions in physical systems.
  • Overlayed model-generated activity patterns onto retinocortical maps.

Conclusions:

  • The model provides a comprehensive account for the origins of geometric visual hallucinations.
  • Neural network dynamics interacting with feature maps can generate hallucinatory patterns.
  • This approach integrates cortical circuitry details into hallucination models.