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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Detection of MicroRNAs in Microglia by Real-time PCR in Normal CNS and During Neuroinflammation
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Detection of MicroRNAs in Microglia by Real-time PCR in Normal CNS and During Neuroinflammation

Published on: July 23, 2012

microRNAs and the immune response.

Eleni Tsitsiou1, Mark A Lindsay

  • 1NIHR Respiratory Translational Research Facility, University of Manchester, 2nd Floor Education and Research Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK.

Current Opinion in Pharmacology
|June 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate immune cell development and function at the translation level. Specific miRNAs play key roles in immune cell maturation and differentiation, while others modulate acute innate immune responses.

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Detection of MicroRNAs in Microglia by Real-time PCR in Normal CNS and During Neuroinflammation

Published on: July 23, 2012

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Using RNA-interference to Investigate the Innate Immune Response in Mouse Macrophages
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Immune responses are primarily regulated transcriptionally.
  • MicroRNA (miRNA)-mediated RNA interference is an emerging translational regulatory mechanism.
  • Specific miRNAs are highly expressed in immune cells, influencing their development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of specific miRNAs in immune cell regulation.
  • To understand how miRNAs impact myeloid and lymphoid cell maturation, proliferation, and differentiation.
  • To investigate the function of miRNAs in innate immune acute responses.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of miRNA expression patterns in immune cells.
  • Investigating miRNA interactions with transcription factors.
  • Studying the impact of miRNA induction on innate immune signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • Certain miRNAs (miR-17-92 cluster, miR-150, miR-155, miR-181, miR-223) facilitate myeloid and lymphoid cell maturation and differentiation.
  • These miRNAs often interact with transcription factors.
  • Rapidly induced miRNAs (miR-9, miR-146a, miR-155) may negatively regulate acute innate immune responses by down-regulating signaling proteins.

Conclusions:

  • MicroRNAs are critical post-transcriptional regulators of the immune system.
  • Specific miRNAs have distinct roles in immune cell development and response modulation.
  • Understanding miRNA functions offers insights into immune regulation and potential therapeutic targets.