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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery
10:03

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Published on: November 5, 2019

Meningitis in elderly patients.

Samuel Delerme1, Samuel Castro, Alain Viallon

  • 1Departments of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Pitie-Salpetriere, Assistance-Publique Hopitaux de Paris, UPMC-Paris 6, Paris, France.

European Journal of Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine
|June 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacterial meningitis is more common in elderly patients presenting with atypical symptoms and encephalitis signs. Herpes simplex virus 1 was a frequent cause of nonbacterial meningitis in this age group.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery
10:03

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Published on: November 5, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Geriatrics

Background:

  • Meningitis is rare in elderly emergency department (ED) patients.
  • Understanding the differences between bacterial meningitis (BM) and nonbacterial meningitis (NBM) in older adults is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the characteristics of bacterial meningitis (BM) and nonbacterial meningitis (NBM) in elderly patients.
  • To identify differences in presentation and causative agents between younger and older meningitis patients.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective multicenter study in EDs of three teaching hospitals.
  • Inclusion of 159 adult patients with confirmed meningitis (CSF leukocyte count > 5 mm).
  • Analysis of 18 patients aged 60 years or older.

Main Results:

  • Older patients (≥60 years) had a higher prevalence of BM (50%) compared to younger patients (11%).
  • Elderly patients presented with less typical meningitis symptoms and more frequent signs of encephalitis.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters differed between NBM and BM in older adults.
  • Herpes simplex virus 1 was a common cause of NBM in older adults.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial meningitis is more prevalent in elderly patients.
  • Atypical presentations and encephalitis signs are more common in older adults with meningitis.
  • Herpes simplex virus 1 is a significant cause of NBM in the elderly.