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Millimeter-wave absorption by cutaneous blood vessels: a computational study.

Stanislav I Alekseev1, Marvin C Ziskin

  • 1Center for Biomedical Physics, Temple University Medical School, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA. stan.alexeev@temple.edu

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Millimeter wave exposure causes higher specific absorption rates (SAR) in cutaneous blood vessels compared to surrounding tissues, especially when vessels align with the electric field. Absorption increases with frequency.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Electromagnetics
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Millimeter waves are increasingly used in various applications, necessitating an understanding of their biological effects.
  • Cutaneous blood vessels play a crucial role in thermoregulation and tissue response to external stimuli.
  • Previous research has explored electromagnetic field interactions with biological tissues, but specific absorption patterns in microvasculature require detailed investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To calculate specific absorption rate (SAR) and electric field (E-field) distributions in cutaneous blood vessels and surrounding tissues (dermis, fat).
  • To investigate the influence of millimeter wave frequency on SAR and E-field patterns.
  • To compare SAR values in blood vessels versus adjacent dermal and fat tissues.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique for electromagnetic wave propagation calculations.
  • Modeled basic tissue geometry as rectangular blocks of homogeneous or multilayer tissue containing central blood vessels.
  • Performed calculations across different millimeter wave frequencies, including 42.25 GHz and 61.22 GHz.

Main Results:

  • Specific absorption rate (SAR) peaked in blood vessels oriented parallel to the electric field, exceeding surrounding dermis SAR by 40%-42% at 42.25 GHz.
  • Conversely, SAR was lower in blood vessels oriented perpendicularly to the electric field.
  • Millimeter wave absorption in cutaneous blood vessels was higher at 61.22 GHz than at 42.25 GHz.
  • SAR distribution within blood vessels was observed to be nearly uniform.

Conclusions:

  • Cutaneous blood vessels exhibit significantly different millimeter wave absorption characteristics compared to surrounding dermal and fat tissues.
  • Vessel orientation relative to the electric field is a critical factor influencing SAR.
  • Quasi-static theory can be applied to estimate SAR in small cutaneous blood vessels due to their size relative to the millimeter wave wavelength.