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Plasticizers

Plasticizers

Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
Plasticizers function by using surface-active agents to create repulsive electrostatic forces between cement particles. This dispersion enhances the concrete's...

Bioplastics

Bioplastics

Bioplastics derived from microbial processes present a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastics. Among these, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), particularly polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs), have emerged as prominent candidates due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility. These polymers are synthesized by a variety of bacteria, such as Cupriavidus necator and Pseudomonas putida, which naturally accumulate PHAs as intracellular carbon and energy reserves, especially under...

Plastic Deformations

Plastic Deformations

It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...

Plastic Deformations

Plastic Deformations

Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their original...

Microbial Bioremediation of Plastics

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Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a synthetic polymer widely utilized in the packaging industry, particularly for bottles and containers. Due to its chemical stability and durability, PET accumulates in the environment, contributing significantly to plastic pollution. It comprises repeating units of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, resulting in a semi-crystalline structure that is resistant to natural degradation processes.A notable breakthrough in plastic biodegradation came with the...

Plasticity

Plasticity

Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Forming Micro-and Nano-Plastics from Agricultural Plastic Films for Employment in Fundamental Research Studies

Forming Micro-and Nano-Plastics from Agricultural Plastic Films for Employment in Fundamental Research Studies

Published on: July 27, 2022

Our plastic age.

Richard C Thompson¹, Shanna H Swan, Charles J Moore

¹Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Marine Institute, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, UK. R.C.Thompson@plymouth.ac.uk

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

|June 17, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Plastic production and usage have surged, offering societal benefits but posing environmental risks. Solutions require research and policy to address plastic waste, wildlife impact, and human health concerns.

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Area of Science:

Polymer science and environmental science.
Materials science and toxicology.
Sustainable chemistry and policy studies.

Background:

Plastics have become integral to modern life, with global annual usage exceeding 260 million tonnes.
Plastic production constitutes approximately 8% of global oil production, highlighting its economic and resource significance.
This Theme Issue explores the multifaceted role of plastics in society.

Observation:

Examining current and future trends in plastic usage and their societal benefits.
Investigating the environmental consequences of plastic waste accumulation.
Assessing the impact of plastic debris on wildlife and human health.

Findings:

The widespread use of plastics brings numerous societal advantages.
Accumulated plastic waste presents significant environmental challenges.
Plastic production, usage, and disposal raise concerns for wildlife and human health.

Implications:

Potential solutions to mitigate plastic pollution are considered.
Research and policy priorities are identified for sustainable plastic management.
Addressing the plastic crisis requires a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach.