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Updated: Jun 22, 2026
A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Published on: September 30, 2021
Survival of hepatocellular carcinoma in Puerto Rico
Carlos Romero Marrero1, Ana P Ortiz, Cynthia M Pérez
1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR 00936-5067. cromero@rcm.upr.edu
Background:
Blacks and Hispanics in the United States (US) have the lowest survival rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), mainly associated to the presence of advanced disease at diagnosis when intervention is least beneficial. This study compared the survival distribution and relative survival of HCC in Puerto Rico (PR) during 1988-1992 and 1998-2002.
Methods:
All HCC cases in the PR Central Cancer Registry database for 1988-1992 (n = 306) and 1998-2002 (n = 333) were identified. Patient characteristics and clinical variables were compared between study periods. Survival by age at diagnosis, sex, tumor stage and treatment was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and survival curves were compared using the Wilcoxon test. A Cox proportional hazards model was employed to assess the effect of period of diagnosis on survival, after adjusting for confounders. One- and three-year survival rates were also calculated.
Results:
Patients diagnosed during 1998-2002 (median: 3.08 months, 95% CI: 2.30-4.16) had a longer observed survival than those diagnosed from 1988-1992 (median: 1.80 months, 95% CI: 1.44-2.52). A significant interaction was observed between the variables age and period of diagnosis, where only among persons aged > or = 60 years the risk of HCC death was lower (sex-adjusted HR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.59-0.88) in patients diagnosed during 1998-2002 as compared to those diagnosed during 1988-1992. The overall one- and three-year relative survival during 1998-2002 was approximately 6% (22.4% vs. 16.6%) and 2% higher (9.0% vs. 6.7%) respectively, as compared to 1988-1992.
Conclusion:
We observed a temporal improvement in the survival of HCC in PR during the last decade. However, this survival is inferior to the one observed in the US population. Further studies are needed to identify factors that explain these disparities.
