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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

A Next-generation Tissue Microarray (ngTMA) Protocol for Biomarker Studies
09:32

A Next-generation Tissue Microarray (ngTMA) Protocol for Biomarker Studies

Published on: September 23, 2014

Tissue microarray validation: a methodologic study with special reference to lung cancer.

Christina Karlsson1, Lennart Bodin, Karin Piehl-Aulin

  • 1School of Health and Medical Sciences, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden. christina.karlsson@oru.se

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology
|June 18, 2009
PubMed
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For tissue microarray (TMA) studies, three tissue cylinders per case are sufficient for accurate Ki-67 and p53 analysis in lung cancer. Increasing sample size offers minimal gains in accuracy for these tumor biomarkers.

Area of Science:

  • Pathology
  • Oncology
  • Biostatistics

Background:

  • Tissue microarray (TMA) studies are common in cancer research but often lack standardized methodology regarding sample size.
  • The optimal diameter and number of tissue cylinders for TMA analysis remain underexplored, particularly for diverse tumor types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the adequate sample size for tissue microarray (TMA) studies in various cancer types.
  • To investigate the impact of tissue cylinder diameter and number on the accuracy of biomarker expression analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Examined immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 and p53 in virtual tissue cylinders of varying diameters from 29 lung carcinoma cases.
  • Assessed the influence of different numbers of tissue cylinders on Ki-67 quantification and p53 scoring.

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A Next-generation Tissue Microarray (ngTMA) Protocol for Biomarker Studies
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  • Compared TMA scoring with whole-section scoring for estrogen receptor, Ki-67, and HER2 in 10 endometrial and breast carcinoma cases.

    • Main Results:

    • Tissue cylinders of 0.6 mm and 1.0 mm diameters showed comparable informativeness for Ki-67 expression.
    • Three tissue cylinders per case were found to be adequate for TMA studies, with minimal accuracy gains from further sampling.
    • TMA scoring of three cylinders demonstrated excellent agreement with whole-section scoring for biomarkers in endometrial and breast tissues.

    Conclusions:

    • A sample size of three tissue cylinders per case is statistically supported for TMA studies in lung, endometrial, and breast carcinomas.
    • The diameter of tissue cylinders (0.6 vs. 1.0 mm) does not significantly impact the reliability of Ki-67 expression analysis.
    • These findings provide methodologic guidance for optimizing TMA study design and sample selection in cancer research.