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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis01:29

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis

Drugs affecting neurotransmitter synthesis can impact the adrenergic neuron and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. For example, α-methyltyrosine and carbidopa target specific enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. α-methyltyrosine inhibits the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which converts tyrosine into dopamine. By blocking this enzyme, α-methyltyrosine reduces dopamine production and other catecholamines. Carbidopa, on the other hand, inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase, which converts...

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NeuroAIDS: an evolving epidemic.

Christopher Power1, Lysa Boissé, Sean Rourke

  • 1Department of Medicine (Neurology), 6-11 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada.

The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Over 60,000 Canadians live with HIV, and more than half develop neurological disorders. This review covers HIV-associated nervous system diseases, their causes, and treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Over 60,000 Canadians are living with HIV.
  • More than 50% of individuals with HIV develop neurological disorders, impacting quality of life and survival.
  • Neurological complications arise from direct HIV infection, opportunistic infections, and antiretroviral therapy side effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical presentations, pathogenesis, and treatments of HIV-induced neurological disorders.
  • To highlight the often undiagnosed and untreated nature of these conditions in adults and adolescents.
  • To address emerging challenges in managing these disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentations of HIV-associated neurological syndromes.
  • Discussion of underlying pathogenesis, including direct viral effects and treatment-related issues.
  • Examination of treatment strategies for various HIV-induced nervous system diseases.

Main Results:

  • HIV can cause diverse neurological disorders, including HIV-associated dementia and distal sensory polyneuropathy.
  • Vacuolar myelopathy and increased seizure risk are significant HIV-related neurological issues.
  • Antiretroviral drugs can exacerbate peripheral neuropathy.

Conclusions:

  • HIV significantly impacts the nervous system across all infection stages.
  • Early diagnosis and treatment of HIV-associated neurological disorders are crucial.
  • Managing these conditions is complex due to factors like drug resistance and co-infections.