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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Preparation and Application of a New Bacterial Biosensor for the Presumptive Detection of Gunshot Residue
07:09

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[Suicide with home-made gun].

M Safr1, P Hejna, L Zátopková

  • 1Ustav soudního lékarství LF UK a FN, Hradec Králové. safrm@lfhk.cuni.cz

Soudni Lekarstvi
|June 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Three suicide cases involved head injuries from homemade zip guns, causing immediate incapacitation. These atypical low-velocity injuries highlight unique ballistics of improvised firearms.

Area of Science:

  • Forensic Pathology
  • Ballistics
  • Trauma Surgery

Background:

  • Improvised firearms, often termed zip guns, present unique challenges in forensic analysis.
  • These firearms are typically single-shot and crudely constructed, leading to distinct injury patterns.

Observation:

  • The article reports three cases of suicide utilizing homemade zip guns.
  • All cases involved a single bullet injury to the head, resulting in immediate incapacitation.

Findings:

  • Zip gun injuries represent a specialized category of missile trauma.
  • The terminal ballistics of these low-velocity projectiles are atypical compared to conventional firearms.

Implications:

  • Understanding zip gun ballistics is crucial for accurate forensic investigation of firearm-related deaths.

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  • These findings underscore the lethal potential of improvised firearms in suicides.