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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
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Correspondence bias, also referred to as the fundamental attribution error, describes the tendency to attribute another person’s behavior to internal characteristics rather than situational influences. This cognitive bias leads individuals to overlook external factors that may be influencing actions, thereby fostering potentially inaccurate assessments of others’ intentions and dispositions.Empirical Evidence for Correspondence BiasResearch has consistently demonstrated the prevalence of...
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The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
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Time and encoding effects in the concealed knowledge test.

Travis L Seymour1, Becky R Fraynt

  • 1Psychology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. nogard@ucsc.edu

Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
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Summary

The concealed knowledge test (CKT) is more accurate for detecting information that was deeply encoded. Detection accuracy for poorly encoded information decreases significantly after one week, highlighting the importance of encoding quality and test delay.

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Published on: November 14, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Forensic Science
  • Psychological Testing

Background:

  • Traditional deception detection methods have limitations.
  • The concealed knowledge test (CKT) assesses recognition of privileged information.
  • Factors like memory and encoding quality can influence CKT effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of encoding quality and test delay on concealed knowledge test (CKT) efficiency.
  • To demonstrate the interaction between encoding elaboration and time on CKT accuracy.
  • To evaluate a response-time based CKT for detecting concealed knowledge.

Main Methods:

  • Participants underwent shallow and deep encoding procedures for crime scene items.
  • A response-time based CKT was administered at 10-min, 24-h, and 1-week delays.
  • Detection accuracy was analyzed based on encoding depth and time elapsed.

Main Results:

  • Information encoded deeply led to higher CKT detection accuracy compared to shallow encoding.
  • Deeply encoded information accuracy remained stable across all tested delays.
  • Accuracy for poorly encoded information was initially high but declined significantly after one week.

Conclusions:

  • Encoding quality is a critical factor in CKT performance.
  • Test delay negatively impacts the detection of poorly elaborated information.
  • Optimizing CKT item selection requires consideration of both encoding level and time delay.