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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Normal CA 19-9 levels in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Kerem Sezer1, Erman Cakal, Mesut Ozkaya

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Mersin University, School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey. keremsezer@mersin.edu.tr

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention : APJCP
|June 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study found no significant elevation of Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. CA 19-9 levels did not differ between patients with Hashimoto's, Graves' disease, and healthy individuals.

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Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) is a tumor marker often associated with gastrointestinal cancers.
  • Elevated CA 19-9 levels can occur in various benign conditions, including pancreatic, liver, and biliary diseases.
  • Previous case reports suggested a potential link between CA 19-9 elevation and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and serum CA 19-9 levels.
  • To determine if CA 19-9 is elevated in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis compared to controls.
  • To explore potential changes in CA 19-9 levels across different thyroid function states (hypo-, hyper-, eu-thyroidism).

Main Methods:

  • A study was conducted on 71 patients diagnosed with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
  • Patients with malignancies or other specified benign conditions were excluded to isolate the effect of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
  • Serum CA 19-9 levels were measured and compared between Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients, Graves' disease patients, and healthy volunteers.

Main Results:

  • The mean serum CA 19-9 level in Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients was 12.5 U/mL.
  • Serum CA 19-9 levels in Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients (12.5 U/mL) were comparable to those in Graves' disease patients (11.9 U/mL) and healthy volunteers (10.3 U/mL).
  • No significant intergroup differences in CA 19-9 levels were observed, and no association was found with hypo-, hyper-, or eu-thyroidism.

Conclusions:

  • This study did not find evidence supporting an elevation of CA 19-9 in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
  • Serum CA 19-9 levels do not appear to be a reliable marker for Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
  • The findings contrast with some prior case reports, suggesting CA 19-9 is not significantly altered in this autoimmune thyroid condition.