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Mitochondrial Membranes

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

Mitochondrial Membranes

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
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Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria. In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

A Model Membrane Platform for Reconstituting Mitochondrial Membrane Dynamics

A Model Membrane Platform for Reconstituting Mitochondrial Membrane Dynamics

Published on: September 2, 2020

Lipid signaling on the mitochondrial surface.

Huiyan Huang¹, Michael A Frohman

¹Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, the Department of Pharmacology, and the Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5140, USA.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta

|June 23, 2009

Summary

Mitochondria utilize MitoPLD to generate phosphatidic acid (PA) for fusion. This PA also influences mitochondrial fission, energy production, and calcium influx through downstream signaling.

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Mitochondria-associated ER Membranes (MAMs) and Glycosphingolipid Enriched Microdomains (GEMs): Isolation from Mouse Brain

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Published on: March 4, 2013

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Biochemistry
Mitochondrial Biology

Background:

Signaling lipids like phosphatidic acid (PA), diacylglycerol (DAG), and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI4,5P2) regulate eukaryotic cell functions.
Classical Phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes produce PA at the plasma membrane and on trafficking organelles.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the role of MitoPLD, a non-canonical PLD member, in mitochondrial biology.
To explore MitoPLD's function in mitochondrial fusion via cardiolipin hydrolysis.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on PLD superfamily members and mitochondrial dynamics.
Analysis of the signaling pathways involving PA, DAG, and PI4,5P2 in mitochondria.

Main Results:

MitoPLD localizes to mitochondria and hydrolyzes cardiolipin (CL) to produce PA.
Mitochondrial PA facilitates Mitofusin-mediated mitochondrial fusion.
Mitochondrial PA may also trigger signaling cascades affecting mitochondrial fission, energy production, and calcium influx.

Conclusions:

MitoPLD is a key regulator of mitochondrial fusion through PA production.
PA on the mitochondrial surface plays diverse roles in mitochondrial dynamics and function.
This highlights a novel signaling network centered on mitochondrial lipid metabolism.