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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in southeastern Europe

R M Vorou1

  • 1Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece. vorou@keelpno.gr

International Journal of Infectious Diseases : IJID : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases
|June 23, 2009
PubMed

Insights

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), a tick-borne viral illness, is spreading into new European regions. Increased tick populations and animal migration are key factors driving this expansion.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute, tick-borne viral disease with significant human mortality.
  • The virus circulates in a tick-vertebrate-tick cycle, with potential for spread via migrating birds and livestock.
  • Recent CCHF emergence in Bulgaria, Albania, Kosovo, Turkey, and Greece highlights its expanding geographic distribution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the recent emergence and spread of CCHF in Europe.
  • To identify factors contributing to the expanding geographic range of CCHF.
  • To alert clinicians and the scientific community about the evolving CCHF landscape.

Main Methods:

  • Review of CCHF emergence and re-emergence data in Europe from 2000-2008.
  • Analysis of contributing factors such as climate and agricultural practices.
  • Assessment of potential transmission routes including animal migration and nosocomial spread.

Main Results:

  • CCHF has emerged or re-emerged in Bulgaria, Albania, Kosovo, Turkey, and Greece between 2000 and 2008.
  • Mild winters, disrupted agriculture, and increased tick populations are linked to CCHF spread.
  • Migration of tick-infested birds and livestock facilitates virus introduction into non-endemic areas.

Conclusions:

  • The novel European geographic distribution of CCHF presents a significant challenge.
  • Clinicians must be aware of imported CCHF cases, human-to-human transmission, and livestock-related risks.
  • A coordinated European response involving multiple scientific disciplines is necessary to address the CCHF threat.

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