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Related Concept Videos

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Genomics02:02

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
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Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...

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Related Experiment Video

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Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.
22:27

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

Published on: May 6, 2010

Circos: an information aesthetic for comparative genomics.

Martin Krzywinski1, Jacqueline Schein, Inanç Birol

  • 1Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Center, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada. martink@bcgsc.ca

Genome Research
|June 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Circos is a visualization tool that helps analyze genome comparisons. It effectively displays genomic variations and positional relationships using a circular layout and various data visualizations.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Genome comparison studies generate large datasets.
  • Visualizing genomic structural variations and positional relationships is challenging.
  • Existing tools may not efficiently display complex genomic data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce Circos, a novel visualization tool for genome comparison analysis.
  • To demonstrate Circos's effectiveness in displaying genome structure variations.
  • To facilitate the analysis of positional relationships between genomic intervals.

Main Methods:

  • Development of Circos, a software tool with a circular ideogram layout.
  • Utilizing ribbons to encode genomic element relationships (position, size, orientation).
  • Support for diverse data visualizations including scatter plots, heat maps, and text.

Main Results:

  • Circos effectively displays variations in genome structure and positional relationships.
  • The tool supports multiple data types and visualization formats.
  • Generated images can be bitmaps or vectors from GFF-style inputs.

Conclusions:

  • Circos is a powerful and versatile tool for genomic data visualization.
  • Its design facilitates the identification of similarities and differences in genome comparisons.
  • Circos is suitable for integration into automated data analysis and reporting pipelines.