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Area of Science:

  • Solar physics
  • Magnetohydrodynamics
  • Plasma physics

Background:

  • Sunspots are regions of intense magnetic fields on the Sun's surface.
  • Penumbral outward flows in sunspots have been known for 100 years.
  • These flows are linked to energy transport and magnetic field structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation mechanism of outward flows in sunspot penumbrae.
  • To determine the critical magnetic field inclination for generating these flows.
  • To understand the role of these flows in solar energy transport.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive numerical simulations of a sunspot pair.
  • Analysis of convective energy transport within simulated sunspots.
  • Modeling the influence of magnetic field inclination on plasma flows.

Main Results:

  • Penumbral structures with outward flows form when the average magnetic field inclination exceeds approximately 45 degrees.
  • These outflows are an integral part of convective flows responsible for upward energy transport.
  • The inclined magnetic field introduces anisotropy, driving the systematic outflows.

Conclusions:

  • The inclination of the magnetic field is a key factor in the formation of sunspot penumbral outflows.
  • These outflows play a crucial role in the Sun's energy transport processes.
  • Numerical simulations provide valuable insights into complex solar phenomena.