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Related Concept Videos

Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

Alkali metal crystalline polymer electrolytes.

Chuhong Zhang1, Stephen Gamble, David Ainsworth

  • 1EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, The Purdie Building, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.

Nature Materials
|June 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary

New crystalline polymer electrolytes demonstrate ionic conductivity, challenging previous assumptions. Researchers discovered novel materials with enhanced conductivity, expanding possibilities for solid-state devices.

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
11:04

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Polymer electrolytes combine ionic conductivity with mechanical flexibility, crucial for solid-state devices.
  • Historically, ionic conductivity in polymers was thought to occur only in amorphous states above the glass transition temperature (Tg).
  • Crystalline polymers were generally considered insulators, with Li(+) conductivity in crystalline poly(ethylene oxide)(6):LiAsF(6) being a notable exception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if ionic conductivity in crystalline polymers is unique to the poly(ethylene oxide)(6):LiAsF(6) complex.
  • To discover new crystalline polymer electrolytes beyond the established 6:1 complex.
  • To explore the potential of different alkali metal salts in crystalline polymer electrolytes.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of new crystalline polymer electrolytes.
  • Incorporation of various alkali metal salts (Na(+), K(+), Rb(+)) into polymer matrices.
  • Measurement and comparison of ionic conductivity in the novel crystalline systems.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration that ionic conductivity is not exclusive to the 6:1 complex in crystalline polymers.
  • Discovery of several new crystalline polymer electrolytes with different alkali metal salts.
  • Identification of poly(ethylene oxide)(8):NaAsF(6) as the best-performing conductor, exhibiting conductivity 1.5 orders of magnitude higher than poly(ethylene oxide)(6):LiAsF(6).

Conclusions:

  • Ionic conductivity can be achieved in crystalline polymers beyond the specific 6:1 lithium complex.
  • The findings present the first crystalline polymer electrolytes with compositions and structures distinct from the 6:1 Li(+) complex.
  • This opens new avenues for developing advanced solid-state devices utilizing novel crystalline polymer electrolytes.