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Related Concept Videos

ABC Transporters: Importer01:27

ABC Transporters: Importer

ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporters are a class of ATP-driven pumps that hydrolyze ATP to move solutes across the membrane. They can be grouped into importers and exporters. While exporters are present in all domains of life, importers exist only in bacteria and some plants.
In bacteria, based on the number of transmembrane helices and the chemical nature of their substrates, the ABC importers can be divided into three types:
ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and are...
The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein01:42

The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein

ADP/ATP carrier or AAC protein is the most abundant carrier protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transports large quantities of ADP and ATP, equivalent to the average human body weight, every day. Among other transporters, ACC protein is one of the best-studied members of the mitochondrial carrier protein family. The ADP/ATP carrier protein comprises two transmembrane helices connected to a loop and a single alpha-helix on the matrix side. It switches between two conformational...
ABC Transporters: Exporter01:31

ABC Transporters: Exporter

ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporter is the largest superfamily of integral membrane proteins. The transporters have transmembrane-binding domains (TMDs) and nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). The TMDs are specific to their substrates, whereas the NBDs are similar to engines that complete ATP hydrolysis to complete the substrate transport. They can be full transporters consisting of two TMDs and NBDs, half transporters with one TMD and NBD, while some encoded with a single TMD or NBD are...
ATP Synthase: Structure01:18

ATP Synthase: Structure

ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...
ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased ATP...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography
10:39

Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography

Published on: September 14, 2014

The ATP-binding cassette family: a structural perspective.

Veronica Kos1, Robert Curtis Ford

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|June 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family, crucial membrane proteins, facilitates substance movement using ATP energy. Recent structural studies have significantly advanced our understanding of their transport mechanisms and protein structures.

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Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography
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Measuring Cation Transport by Na,K- and H,K-ATPase in Xenopus Oocytes by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: An Alternative to Radioisotope Assays
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Measuring Cation Transport by Na,K- and H,K-ATPase in Xenopus Oocytes by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: An Alternative to Radioisotope Assays

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a vast family of membrane proteins responsible for moving various substances across cellular membranes.
  • These transporters utilize the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to perform their functions.
  • Found in both bacteria and eukaryotes, ABC transporters play critical roles in cellular uptake and export processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of the ATP-binding cassette transporter family in biological systems.
  • To emphasize their importance for structure-function relationship studies due to the diverse range of transported substrates.
  • To showcase their value as targets for structural proteomics initiatives.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing structural data for ATP-binding cassette transporters.
  • Review of recent advancements in understanding membrane protein structure and function.
  • Integration of findings from structural proteomics consortia.

Main Results:

  • The ATP-binding cassette transporter family is one of the most extensively characterized membrane protein families, with eight independent structures elucidated.
  • Recent developments have significantly enhanced the understanding of membrane transport mechanisms.
  • The structural insights gained contribute to a broader comprehension of membrane protein structure.

Conclusions:

  • The ATP-binding cassette transporter family offers a well-characterized model for studying membrane protein mechanisms.
  • Continued structural studies are vital for advancing our knowledge of cellular transport and protein dynamics.
  • This family serves as a cornerstone for understanding fundamental biological processes involving membrane transport.