Estrogen actions on brain and behavior: recent insights and future challenges

Area of Science:

• Neuroendocrinology
• Neurobiology
• Molecular Endocrinology

Background:

• Estrogen's role in the brain extends beyond reproductive functions.
• Emerging evidence indicates significant physiological and pathophysiological roles in the central nervous system.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advancements in understanding estrogen action in the brain.
• To highlight estrogen's effects on various brain regions and cell types, particularly outside the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

Main Methods:

• Review of clinical and basic scientific studies.
• Focus on both genomic and nongenomic mechanisms of estrogen action.

Main Results:

• Estrogens modulate neurotransmitter function, behavior, neuronal differentiation, and plasticity.
• Estrogen influences cognitive functions, pain, motor skills, mood, seizure susceptibility, and neuroprotection against stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.

Conclusions:

• Estrogen plays a critical, multifaceted role in brain function and health.
• Further research into selective estrogen receptor modulators for brain-specific therapies is warranted.