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Related Concept Videos

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

Evolution of Microbial Genome

Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...

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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43
06:06

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Published on: September 11, 2020

Serotype replacement in perspective.

Ron Dagan1

  • 1Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 151, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel. rdagan@bgu.ac.il

Vaccine
|June 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has led to increased invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) from non-vaccine serotypes, particularly 19A, which shows rising antibiotic resistance. Understanding serotype carriage changes is crucial for managing this replacement disease.

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Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae Using the Quellung Reaction
04:25

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae Using the Quellung Reaction

Published on: February 24, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43
06:06

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Published on: September 11, 2020

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae Using the Quellung Reaction
04:25

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae Using the Quellung Reaction

Published on: February 24, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Epidemiology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • The introduction of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has altered the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD).
  • An observed increase in IPD caused by non-vaccine serotypes (NVTs), known as serotype replacement, is noted, especially in vulnerable populations.
  • The precise relationship between changes in pneumococcal serotype carriage and the incidence of replacement disease, particularly in young children, remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of PCV7 on pneumococcal serotype distribution and carriage dynamics.
  • To understand the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes (NVTs) causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) post-PCV7 introduction.
  • To assess the antibiotic resistance patterns of predominant NVTs, focusing on serotype 19A.

Main Methods:

  • Epidemiological surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) serotypes before and after PCV7 introduction.
  • Analysis of pneumococcal carriage data in relevant populations, including children under 5 years.
  • Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for isolated pneumococcal strains, particularly non-vaccine serotypes (NVTs).

Main Results:

  • An increase in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) incidence due to non-vaccine serotypes (NVTs) has been documented following PCV7 implementation.
  • Serotypes 15, 19A, and 33F are identified as predominant NVTs contributing to replacement disease.
  • A concerning trend of increasing antibiotic resistance, especially in serotype 19A, is observed in both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals.

Conclusions:

  • The seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has driven serotype replacement, leading to increased invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) from non-vaccine serotypes (NVTs).
  • Serotype 19A is a significant concern due to its increasing prevalence and antibiotic resistance, posing a threat to public health.
  • Further research into pneumococcal carriage dynamics is essential for effective disease prevention and control strategies against emerging NVT strains.