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Related Concept Videos

Bone Markings01:26

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...
Two-Compartment Open Model: Extravascular Administration01:12

Two-Compartment Open Model: Extravascular Administration

The two-compartment model for extravascular administration represents a drug's absorption and distribution process. It features a central compartment, where the drug is first absorbed, and a peripheral compartment, which illustrates the drug's distribution throughout the body. The rate of change in drug concentration in the central compartment is calculated by three exponents: absorption, distribution, and elimination.
The absorption exponent (ka) indicates the speed at which the drug is...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

C-arm-Free Simultaneous OLIF51 and Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation in a Single Lateral Position
12:25

C-arm-Free Simultaneous OLIF51 and Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation in a Single Lateral Position

Published on: September 16, 2022

Intraosseous access.

Raemma P Luck1, Christopher Haines, Colette C Mull

  • 1Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.

The Journal of Emergency Medicine
|June 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Intraosseous access provides rapid, safe fluid and medication delivery when traditional IV access fails. New devices enhance intraosseous infusion options for critically ill patients, expanding adult use.

Area of Science:

  • Emergency Medicine
  • Critical Care
  • Vascular Access

Background:

  • Vascular access is critical for critically ill patients.
  • Intraosseous (IO) access is a rapid, safe alternative when IV access is difficult.
  • IO use resurged in the 1980s with new insertion devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Discuss indications, contraindications, and complications of IO access.
  • Focus on novel devices and their insertion techniques.
  • Highlight advancements in IO infusion methods.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on intraosseous access.
  • Discussion of new and emerging intraosseous devices.
  • Analysis of insertion techniques and clinical applications.

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Upper-extremity Approach for Secondary Access in Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

C-arm-Free Simultaneous OLIF51 and Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation in a Single Lateral Position
12:25

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Published on: September 16, 2022

Upper-extremity Approach for Secondary Access in Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
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Upper-extremity Approach for Secondary Access in Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

Published on: August 8, 2025

Main Results:

  • New intraosseous devices facilitate faster and easier insertion.
  • Improved drug delivery systems are being developed for IO administration.
  • Research is exploring new anatomical sites for IO placement.

Conclusions:

  • Intraosseous infusion offers viable alternatives to traditional IV access.
  • Ongoing innovation focuses on autoinjectors, new sites, and adult applications.
  • Healthcare providers have expanded choices for emergency fluid administration via IO routes.