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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
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Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
The edrophonium test is a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis. It involves...

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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis at 7.0 Tesla
08:51

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Published on: February 19, 2021

MR spectroscopy indicates diffuse multiple sclerosis activity during remission.

I I Kirov1, V Patil, J S Babb

  • 1Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
|June 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diffuse glial changes, not axonal damage, appear early in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) even during remission. This suggests early astrogliosis precedes tissue atrophy in RRMS patients.

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Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
12:23

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Published on: April 14, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is characterized by periods of relapse and remission.
  • Understanding the early pathological changes in normal-appearing white matter is crucial for effective treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether diffuse abnormalities precede axonal damage and atrophy in MRI-invisible white matter of RRMS patients.
  • To determine if these pathological processes persist during clinical remission.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 3 Tesla MRI and proton MR spectroscopic imaging ((1)H-MRSI) on 21 RRMS patients and 15 healthy controls.
  • Measured metabolite concentrations (NAA, Cho, Cr, mI) in a defined volume of interest (VOI).
  • Normalized metabolite concentrations using VOI tissue volume fraction derived from MRI segmentation.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in VOI tissue volume fraction or N-acetylaspartate (NAA) concentration between RRMS patients and controls.
  • Significantly elevated levels of creatine (Cr), choline (Cho), and myo-inositol (mI) in RRMS patients compared to controls (p < 0.01).

Conclusions:

  • Early axonal dysfunction and tissue atrophy are absent in recently diagnosed RRMS patients.
  • Elevated mI, Cho, and Cr suggest diffuse glial proliferation (astrogliosis) and possibly inflammation, demyelination, and remyelination precede atrophy.
  • These diffuse changes occur even during clinical remission and despite immunomodulatory treatment.