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Related Concept Videos

Design Example01:23

Design Example

The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...
Carrier Generation and Recombination01:22

Carrier Generation and Recombination

Carrier generation is the process by which electron-hole pairs (EHPs) are created within the semiconductor. In direct-bandgap semiconductors, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), this occurs efficiently when energy absorption prompts valence electrons to leap into the conduction band, leaving behind holes.
This process is given by the generation rate G and is efficient due to the conservation of momentum between the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum.
Indirect generation involves an...
LC Circuits01:21

LC Circuits

An LC circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor, either in series or parallel. Consider a charged capacitor connected with an inductor in series. Before the switch is closed, all the energy of the circuit is stored in the electric field of the capacitor. When the switch is closed, the capacitor begins to discharge, producing a current in the circuit. The current, in turn, creates a magnetic field in the inductor. Because of the induced emf in the inductor, the current cannot change...
Integrator and Differentiator01:13

Integrator and Differentiator

Op-amp circuits have significant applications in various fields, including automotive engineering. One such application is cruise control systems in cars, where op-amp circuits are integral for maintaining a constant speed. In these systems, op-amps function as both integrators and differentiators.
An integrator within an op-amp circuit produces an output directly proportional to the integral of the input signal. This is achieved by replacing the feedback resistor in a typical inverting...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
Downstream Processing01:29

Downstream Processing

Downstream processing begins once fermentation is complete and involves a series of steps to recover and purify products such as acids, vitamins, antibiotics, or proteins.Cell HarvestingFor example, for intracellular protein-based products, the first step is harvesting the cells. This is typically achieved using centrifugation or filtration to separate the cells from the liquid phase.Cell Disruption for Intracellular ProductsIf the target product is intracellular, the harvested cells must be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Microfluidic Platform with Multiplexed Electronic Detection for Spatial Tracking of Particles
11:54

Microfluidic Platform with Multiplexed Electronic Detection for Spatial Tracking of Particles

Published on: March 13, 2017

Single integrated device for optical CDMA code processing in dual-code environment.

Yue-Kai Huang, Ivan Glesk, Christoph M Greiner

    Optics Express
    |June 24, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers developed an integrated optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA) encoder-decoder pair using holographic Bragg reflectors. This technology successfully supported two error-free OCDMA links, demonstrating efficient optical networking capabilities.

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    Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
    07:45

    Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

    Published on: February 6, 2014

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    Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

    Microfluidic Platform with Multiplexed Electronic Detection for Spatial Tracking of Particles
    11:54

    Microfluidic Platform with Multiplexed Electronic Detection for Spatial Tracking of Particles

    Published on: March 13, 2017

    Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
    07:45

    Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

    Published on: February 6, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Optical Communications
    • Photonics

    Background:

    • Optical Code-Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) systems offer enhanced security and flexibility in optical networks.
    • Holographic Bragg reflectors provide a compact and efficient method for optical signal processing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design, fabricate, and evaluate an integrated optical CDMA encoder-decoder pair.
    • To demonstrate the performance of holographic Bragg reflector technology in OCDMA applications.
    • To assess the system's ability to support multiple error-free optical links.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a matching integrated optical CDMA encoder-decoder pair.
    • Utilizing holographic Bragg reflector technology for device implementation.
    • Employing a double-pass scheme to enhance code length.
    • Demonstrating simultaneous encoding/decoding of wavelength-hopping time-spreading codes.

    Main Results:

    • Successful demonstration of simultaneous encoding and decoding of two distinct codes.
    • Achieved support for two error-free optical CDMA (OCDMA) links operating at OC-24 data rates.
    • Validated the effectiveness of the double-pass scheme for extending code length.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed integrated optical CDMA encoder-decoder pair based on holographic Bragg reflectors is a viable technology for high-performance optical communication systems.
    • The system's ability to support multiple error-free links highlights its potential for scalable OCDMA networks.
    • Further development could lead to more advanced and efficient optical networking solutions.