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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Lenz's Law

Lenz's Law

The direction in which the induced emf drives the current around a wire loop can be found through the negative sign. However, it is usually easier to determine this direction with Lenz's law, named in honor of its discoverer, Heinrich Lenz (1804–1865). Lenz's law states that the direction of the induced emf drives the current around a wire loop always to oppose the change in magnetic flux that causes the emf.
If a bar magnet is moved toward a coil such that the magnetic flux through the coil...

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Published on: August 15, 2018

Left-handed material based on ferroelectric medium.

Yang Bai, Hongsheng Chen, Jingjing Zhang

|June 24, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study demonstrates left-handed metamaterials created with split-ring resonators and ferroelectric materials. These metamaterials exhibit unique electromagnetic properties derived from their structure, not just the constituent materials.

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

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Published on: March 27, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electromagnetism
Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

Left-handed metamaterials derive electromagnetic properties from structure, not constituent materials.
Ferroelectric materials possess intrinsic negative permittivity.
Split-ring resonators are key structural components in metamaterial design.

Purpose of the Study:

To experimentally realize and validate left-handed behavior in a novel metamaterial.
To investigate the electromagnetic properties of metamaterials composed of ferroelectric materials and split-ring resonators.
To demonstrate the structure-dependent electromagnetic response of metamaterials.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a metamaterial using split-ring resonators and ferroelectric slabs.
Utilizing a waveguide-based retrieval method for electromagnetic parameter extraction.
Experimental characterization of permittivity and permeability over a specific frequency band.

Main Results:

Successful fabrication of a metamaterial exhibiting negative permittivity due to ferroelectric properties.
Experimental retrieval of permittivity and permeability confirmed left-handed behavior.
Demonstrated left-handed electromagnetic properties within a defined frequency range.

Conclusions:

The designed metamaterial successfully exhibits left-handed characteristics.
The study validates the role of structural design in achieving desired electromagnetic properties.
Ferroelectric materials offer a viable route to realize negative permittivity in metamaterials.