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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology01:21

Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Pituitary tumor apoplexy.

Claudia V Chang1, Andre C Felicio, Andrea Cecilia Toscanini

  • 1Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil. chang.cv@gmail.com

Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria
|June 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Pituitary tumor apoplexy is a medical emergency caused by sudden bleeding or stroke in the pituitary gland. This review covers its anatomy, causes, symptoms, and treatment.

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Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy from a Single Entry Point
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Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy from a Single Entry Point

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

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Published on: January 17, 2018

Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy from a Single Entry Point
03:13

Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy from a Single Entry Point

Published on: June 28, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Pituitary tumor apoplexy is a rare but serious condition.
  • It requires prompt diagnosis and management.
  • Understanding the underlying mechanisms is crucial for effective treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of pituitary tumor apoplexy.
  • To discuss the anatomical and vascular aspects of the pituitary gland and adenomas.
  • To outline the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and management strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pituitary tumor apoplexy.
  • Discussion of sellar anatomy and adenoma vascularization.
  • Synthesis of information on clinical features, treatment, and prognosis.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of the sellar region's anatomy.
  • Explanation of the vascular supply to the pituitary gland and adenomas.
  • Overview of ethiopatogenesis and predisposing factors.
  • Summary of clinical manifestations and diagnostic approaches.
  • Guidance on treatment options and patient prognosis.

Conclusions:

  • Pituitary tumor apoplexy is a critical neuroendocrine emergency.
  • Comprehensive understanding of anatomy, vascularization, and clinical aspects is essential.
  • Timely intervention improves patient outcomes and prognosis.