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Protein Organization

Protein Organization

Proteins are polymers of amino acid residues. They are versatile and responsible for different cellular functions, including DNA replication, molecular transport, catalysis, and structural support. Proteins have a hierarchical structure comprising at least three levels of organization: primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. Some large proteins have a quaternary structure where individual protein subunits are linked together.
The primary structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence.

Protein Organization

Protein Organization

Antibody Structure

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...

Antibody Structure

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...

Antibody Structure and Classes

Antibody Structure and Classes

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.

Gene Families

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Investigating Protein Sequence-structure-dynamics Relationships with Bio3D-web

Investigating Protein Sequence-structure-dynamics Relationships with Bio3D-web

Published on: July 16, 2017

[Novel structural tree for (alpha + beta)-proteins containing abCd-units].

A B Gordeev, A V Efimov

Molekuliarnaia Biologiia

|June 25, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new database and structural tree classify 926 alpha-beta proteins and domains. This resource aids in understanding protein structures and their evolutionary relationships.

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Creating and Applying a Reference to Facilitate the Discussion and Classification of Proteins in a Diverse Group

Creating and Applying a Reference to Facilitate the Discussion and Classification of Proteins in a Diverse Group

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Investigating Protein Sequence-structure-dynamics Relationships with Bio3D-web

Investigating Protein Sequence-structure-dynamics Relationships with Bio3D-web

Published on: July 16, 2017

Creating and Applying a Reference to Facilitate the Discussion and Classification of Proteins in a Diverse Group

Creating and Applying a Reference to Facilitate the Discussion and Classification of Proteins in a Diverse Group

Published on: August 16, 2017

Area of Science:

Structural biology
Bioinformatics
Protein science

Context:

The Protein Data Bank (PDB) contains a vast number of protein structures.
Understanding the structural diversity and relationships within protein families is crucial for biological research.
Alpha-beta proteins and domains containing abCd-units represent a significant structural class.

Purpose:

To compile a comprehensive database of alpha-beta proteins and domains with abCd-units.
To develop a novel structural tree classifying these proteins based on polypeptide chain folds.
To create a structural classification system for this protein group.

Summary:

A database of 926 alpha-beta proteins and domains containing abCd-units was created from 2636 PDB entries, including 401 nonhomologous entries.
A novel structural tree encompassing 286 possible polypeptide chain folds was constructed for this protein class.
A structural classification of alpha-beta proteins with abCd-units was developed, utilizing the constructed structural tree.

Impact:

Provides a valuable resource for researchers studying protein structure and evolution.
Facilitates the identification and analysis of novel protein folds and superfamilies.
The database and structural tree are publicly accessible online for broader scientific use.