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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease01:25

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the backward flow of stomach contents (acid, pepsin, or bile) into the esophagus, causing mucosal inflammation known as esophagitis. It results from failure of antireflux mechanisms, mainly the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), influenced by mechanical and physiological factors.Etiology and Risk FactorsGERD develops when LES function is weakened or when intra-abdominal pressure increases. Risk factors include aging, obesity, and sliding hiatal hernia,...
Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a persistent medical condition that affects many individuals worldwide. Its clinical manifestations can vary greatly, making diagnosis and management challenging for healthcare professionals. The following is a comprehensive overview of the clinical manifestations, assessment, and management strategies for GERD.
Clinical Manifestations
GERD presents itself in a multitude of ways, with symptoms varying from person to person. The hallmark symptoms are...
Pharynx01:20

Pharynx

The pharynx, a tubular structure framed by skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane, extends continuously from the nasal cavities. It is segmented into three major areas: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
Nasopharynx
The nasopharynx, bordered by the conchae of the nasal cavity, serves exclusively as an air conduit. In its superior region, the pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids are located. These tonsils are clusters of lymphoid reticular tissue akin to a lymph node. The precise...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
06:46

Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring

Published on: December 14, 2020

Endoscopic classification for reflux pharyngolaryngitis.

K Nishimura1, H Fujita, T Tanaka

  • 1Department of Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan. koheinis@med.kurume-u.ac.jp

Diseases of the Esophagus : Official Journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus
|June 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A new endoscopic classification for reflux pharyngolaryngitis was developed to aid in diagnosing this condition after esophageal cancer surgery. This classification correlates with reflux esophagitis but not always with patient symptoms.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Otolaryngology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Postoperative quality of life after esophageal cancer surgery is often impacted by reflux diseases.
  • Pharyngolaryngeal reflux disease is underreported compared to gastroesophageal reflux disease following esophagectomy.
  • A convenient endoscopic classification for reflux pharyngolaryngitis is currently lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and validate a novel endoscopic classification system for reflux pharyngolaryngitis.
  • To investigate the correlation between this new classification and clinical symptoms in patients post-esophagectomy.
  • To assess the relationship between the new pharyngolaryngitis classification and the established Los Angeles classification for reflux esophagitis.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a five-grade endoscopic classification (0-IV) for reflux pharyngolaryngitis based on pharyngeal/laryngeal erythema, edema, granulation, and vocal cord stenosis.
  • Review of 93 patients after cervical esophagogastrostomy (CEG) and 28 patients after intrathoracic esophagogastrostomy (TEG).
  • Analysis of correlations between the new classification, clinical symptoms (pharyngolaryngeal symptoms, F-scale), and the Los Angeles classification of esophagitis.

Main Results:

  • Reflux esophagitis was more severe in the TEG group than the CEG group; no difference in pharyngolaryngitis grading was observed between groups.
  • Pharyngolaryngeal symptoms and F-scale scores did not correlate with the severity of reflux pharyngolaryngitis.
  • The new reflux pharyngolaryngitis classification showed a significant correlation with the Los Angeles classification of reflux esophagitis in both CEG (P<0.001) and TEG (P=0.002) groups.

Conclusions:

  • A new, practical endoscopic classification for reflux pharyngolaryngitis has been proposed.
  • This classification correlates well with reflux esophagitis severity but not consistently with clinical symptoms in post-esophagectomy patients.
  • Close endoscopic monitoring for reflux pharyngolaryngitis is recommended post-esophagogastrostomy, given its high incidence and potential for asymptomatic presentation.